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patriotism, or moral courage, was triumphant over was triumphant over mere physical daring in that hour, and it always will be.

"It is not simply to give that power that comes from education, but to give it safe direction, that schools are established. He is not a benefactor of his race who develops undirected or misdirected power. Therefore we must insist that in all our schools the morality of the Ten Commandments shall be instilled; that lessons of due subordination to authority shall be taught. The family and the school are the beginning of the fundamental element of good citizenship and obedience to law; a respectful deference to public authority; a self-sacrificing purpose to stand by established and orderly administration of the government. I rejoice in nothing more than in this movement, recently so prominently developed, of placing the starry banner above every school-house.

"I have been charged with too sentimental an appreciation of the flag. I will not enter upon any defense. God pity the American citizen who does not love it, who does not see in it the story of our great free institutions and the hope of the home as well as of the nation, and I think, notwithstanding perhaps a little too much tendency to rote in our public schools, that it is still true that our teachers, and especially the women, are not without sentiment.

"I am not here to instruct this convention of instructors. As I have just intimated, it has seemed to me that we are taking on in education some of the developments which characterize the mechanic arts. No workman produces a finished product. He gives it a little touch and passes it on to some one else. I sometimes regretfully recall the days when the teacher left his strong impress upon the pupil by reason of long years of personal intercourse and instruction, and universities where the professor knew the members of his class and could detect the fraud when a dummy was substituted.

"Now we have the little one for a few months in the kindergarten; then pass him on to the primary, and the graded system catches him, much as a moving belt in a machine shop, and it carries him on until he is dumped from one of these great universities as a 'finished product.' Perhaps the work is so large and the demand for economy so great that this system is inevitable. Perhaps it throws the pupil somewhat more upon himself, and out of this there may come some advantage. But without discussing the relative merits of the old way and the new, let us thank God that this great army of instructors, re-enforced by the great body of our citizens, is marching on to reach that great

result when there shall not be found an adult citizen of the United States who is not possessed of an elementary education.

"There is a just mean I think that between a system of intellectual competition which destroys the body and a system of physical training that eliminates the mind. Perhaps the stress is applied too early to our little ones. I throw out this word of caution to our good lady friends here who have them in charge. Some years ago I was passing down a street in Indianapolis from my residence to my office, and on the way there was one of our public schools. The children were just gathering in the morning. As I came near the corner, two sweet little girls, evidently chums, approached from different directions and, meeting at the crossing, soon had their heads close together, but not so close but that I caught the conversation. One said to the other: 'Oh, I had such an awful dream last night.'

"Her sympathizing little fellow put her head still closer and said: What was it?'

"Oh,' said the trembling little one, I dreamed I did not pass.'

"It is safer to such little ones to dream, as in my careless country boyhood I was wont to do, about bears.

There are

"But I have already in this desultory way talked too long. [Cries of "Go on," "Go on!"] That is very kind. I see that motto everywhere about me. It is inscribed over every door in that public institution where I live. some proverbs or sayings that we use without any adequate appreciation of what they mean. I never knew what the old story of the last straw and the camel's back meant until I was called to exercise the office of President, and you will never know until you have that experience.

"It gives me great pleasure to express a sincere personal interest in and to commend, with whatever official sanction I can give to it, the great work in which you are engaged. I sympathize with it, not only because I see in it the safety of our country, but what is more perhaps, what is the same thing, the safety of society. I sympathize with it and appreciate it because I love children. If you did not understand me to present a plea of guilty to the suggestion of Colonel Draper, I desire to do so now. I hope all of you may return to your homes and work with a new sense of and interest in and consecration to it. There is none other like it. It has the power of multiplication. It has an ele

ment of life that no other work has. It is eternal. It has that communicating touch of intelligence, morality and patriotism which runs from one to another,

and which goes in the elements of character which comes to it from the skies. If not crowns of wealth, if not the luxury and ease of great fortune are yours, yours will be a more enduring crown if it can be said of you that in every the life of the young you have lifted it up.

touch upon

"That your meeting here in this delightful place may be accompanied by every incident of pleasure and profit, and that you may find in it a fresh inspiration and dedication to your work, is the wish I leave with you.”

XIV.

President Harrison's Inaugural Address-Constitutional Requirement on Taking Oath-Washington's Inauguration-The Territory of Dakota-Sovereignty to the General GovernmentSectional Element eliminated from the Tariff Question-Paralysis of Slavery Special Executive Policy for any Section not Advisable-Obligations of Corporations-Naturalization Laws-No Interference with European Affairs-Our Interests Exclusively American— Appointments-A Treasury Surplus a Serious Evil-Encourage American Steamship Lines -Election Laws-The Future Promising.

RESIDENT HARRISON'S inaugural address, delivered at Washington, D. C., March 4, 1889, was as follows:

"There is no constitutional or legal requirement that the President shall take the oath of office in the presence of the people. But there is so manifest an appropriateness in the public induction to office of the chief executive officer of the nation that from the beginning of the government the people, to whose service the official oath consecrates the officer, have been called to witness the solemn ceremonial. The oath taken in the presence of the people becomes a mutual covenant; the officer covenants to serve the whole body of the people by a faithful execution of the laws, so that they may be the unfailing defense and security of those who respect and observe them, and that neither wealth and station nor the power of combinations shall be able to evade their just penalties or to wrest them from a beneficent public purpose to serve the ends of cruelty or selfishness. My promise is spoken; yours unspoken, but not the less real and solemn. The people of every State have here their representatives. Surely I do not misinterpret the spirit of the occasion when I assume that the whole body of the people covenant with me and with each other to-day to support and defend the Constitution and the Union of the States, to yield willing obedience to all the laws and each to every other citizen his equal civil and political

rights. Entering thus solemnly in covenant with each other, we may reverently invoke and confidently expect the favor and help of Almighty God, that He will give to me wisdom, strength, and fidelity, and to our people a spirit of fraternity and a love of righteousness and peace.

"This occasion derives peculiar interest from the fact that the presidential term which begins this day is the twenty-sixth under our Constitution. The first inauguration of President Washington took place in New York, where Congress was then sitting, on April 30, 1789, having been deferred by reason of delays attending the organization of the Congress and the canvass of the electoral vote. Our people have already worthily observed the centennials of the Declaration of Independence, of the battle of Yorktown, and of the adoption of the Constitution, and will shortly celebrate in New York the institution of the second great department of our constitutional scheme of government. When the centennial of the institution of the judicial department by the organization of the Supreme Court shall have been suitably observed, as I trust it will be, our nation will have fully entered its second century.

"I will not attempt to note the marvelous and, in great part, happy contrasts between our country as it steps over the threshold into its second century of organized existence under the Constitution, and that weak but wisely ordered young nation that looked undauntedly down the first century, when all its years stretched out before it.

"Our people will not fail at this time to recall the incidents which accompanied the institution of government under the Constitution, or to find inspiration and guidance in the teachings and example of Washington and his great associates, and hope and courage in the contrast which thirty-eight populous and prosperous States offer to the thirteen States, weak in everything except courage and the love of liberty, that then fringed our Atlantic seaboard.

"The Territory of Dakota has now a population greater than any of the original States-except Virginia-and greater than the aggregate of five of the smaller States in 1790. The center of population when our national capital was located was east of Baltimore, and it was argued by many well-informed persons that it would move eastward rather than westward. Yet in 1880 it was found to be near Cincinnati, and the new census, about to be taken, will show another stride to the westward. That which was the body has come to be only the rich fringe of the nation's robe. But our growth has not been limited to territory, population, and aggregate wealth, marvelous as it has been in each

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