Derivations. The word pubescens is derived from the Latin pubesco, to become downy; and the German name has the same signification. The name Franklinia is so called in honour of Dr. Franklin.

Engravings. Michaux, North American Sylva, pl. 59; Audubon, Birds of America, pl. clxxxv.; Loudon, Arboretum Britannicum, figure 94; and the figures below.

Specific Characters. Flowers almost sessile. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath, somewhat serrated, membranaceous. Petals and sepals rather silky on the outside.-Don, Miller's Dict.

Description.

HE Franklinia is a decidu-
ous tree, much smaller than
the preceding species, and
rarely exceeds thirty feet

in height, and six or eight inches in diameter. The
bark of the trunk is smooth, and presents a ridged
surface, somewhat like that of the Carpinus ameri-
cana. The leaves are alternate, oblong, narrowed
at the base, finely and sharply toothed, shining above,
canescent beneath, and rather thin. The flowers are
white, with yellow anthers, and are nearly three inches
in diameter. They are of an agreeable odour, and
appear in Carolina about the beginning of July, and
a month later near Philadelphia. They open in suc-
cession during two or three months, and mature
when the tree is only three or four feet high. In the
neighbourhood of London, it seldom comes into flower
before September; and so continues until the flower-
buds are destroyed by frost. The fruit consists of

round, ligneous capsules, which, when ripe, open at the summit in four seams, to release the small seeds.

Geography and History. The Gordonia pubescens is found only on the banks. of the river Altamaha, in Georgia, where it was discovered, in 1770, by John Bartram, who gave it the name of Franklinia. It was introduced into England, in 1774, by Mr. William Malcolm. There are plants ten feet high in the Mile End nursery, London, and of a larger size at Purser's Cross, and at Syon. It is also cultivated in the Jardin Impérial des Plantes, in France; and a few years ago there was a tree of a considerable size in the garden at Trianon. The largest tree of this species which we have on record, is in the Bartram botanic garden, at Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. It is fifty-two feet in height, with a trunk three feet and nine inches in circumference. There is also another vigorous tree, fifteen feet high, in the garden of Mr. D. Landreth, of Philadelphia.

Soil, Situation, &c. The native soil of this species is sandy wastes, where there is peat and an abundance of moisture a great part of the year. It is considered somewhat hardier than the Gordonia lasianthus, and has been more generally cultivated. The soil, situation, and culture, may be considered, in all respects, the same as those described in the preceding species.

Uses, &c. No particular application has been made of this tree, except for

ornament.

Derivation. The meaning of the word Citrus has escaped the ingenuity of philologers and etymologists; it was probably corrupted from the Latin word cedrus, a name applied by the Romans to various kinds of trees, which they ignorantly confounded. It is supposed by some to be derived from kitron, the Greek name of the lemon-tree.

Distinctive Characters. The common character of the citrus family, is that of low, evergreen trees, with ovate or oval-lanceolate, entire, or serrated leaves. On trees in a wild state, or on ungrafted cultivated ones, there are often axillary spines. The flowers occur in peduncles, axillary or terminating, and single or many-flowered. The fruits are large berries, round, spheroidal, or oblong, and generally of a yellow colour. The species appear to be the most easily distinguished by the petiole, which, in the orange and shaddock, is winged; while in the citron, lemon, and lime, it is naked. The form of the fruit, although not constant, may serve, in a measure, for a distinction. In the orange and shaddock it is spherical, or rather flattened at the ends, with a reddish yellow, or golden-coloured rind; in the lime, the form is spherical, or oblong, with a pale, yellowish rind; in the lemon, oblong, rough, with a pointed protuberance at the end; and in the citron, the form is oblong, with a very thick greenish, or yellow rind. The flowers of the citron and lemon have ten stamens, but those of the orange more. After all, it is very difficult to determine what is a species, and what a variety in this family.

HE beautiful and tree-like forms of this genus, clothed as they are in shining and perennial verdure, odoriferous flowers, and adorned with brilliant, fragrant, and delicious fruits, must have attracted the attention of aboriginal man, long before other fruits of less brilliancy, though more nutritious, and grateful to his senses. The "golden apples" of the heathens, and the "forbidden fruit" of the Jews, are supposed to have reference to this family, though we have no authentic records of any species of citrus having been cultivated either by the ancient Greeks or Romans. The citron was introduced into Europe from Media, under the name of Medica, and was cultivated in Italy by Palladio, in the IInd century; but the introduction of the other species has been, comparatively, of recent date. They are all natives of the torrid zone, chiefly of India, and have been disseminated throughout the warmer and more temperate regions of the habitable globe. The limes are classified by modern botanists under the name of Limonia, a new genus, derived from the Arabic, lymoun, a citron. It is not very well known, however, but it is said to include nearly twenty species, one of which is a native of East Florida, the Limonia ambigua, of Nuttall. There are also several half-hardy kinds, natives of the Himalayas and Nepal, which are said to grow at considerable elevations, and are adapted to the climate of the temperate parts of Europe, and of the United States, without protection in winter.

The most splendid work on this genus which has ever appeared, is the "Histoire Naturelle des Orangers," by Risso, of Nice, and Poiteau, of Versailles, published in folio, at Paris, in 1818. There are described in this treatise one hundred and sixty-nine sorts, one hundred and five of them figured, and their French and Italian culture given at great length. They are classified as sweet oranges, of which they describe forty-three varieties or races; bitter and sour oranges, thirty-two; bergamots, five; limes, eight; pampelucos or shaddocks, six; sweet limes, twelve; lemons, forty-six; and citrons, seventeen varieties.

Dr. Sickler, who lived several years in Italy, and paid particular attention to the culture of the orange, published, in 1815, a work entitled "Der Volkommen Orangerie Gartner," in which he describes above seventy kinds of citrus. And Galesio, in his "Traité du Genre Citrus," etc., Savonna, 1818, has given a synopsis of forty principal kinds cultivated in Italy.

Derivations. The specific name, aurantium, is derived from the Latin aurum, gold, from the colour of the fruit of this tree; and, for the same reason, the English name, orange, is derived from the French word, or, gold. The Spanish, Italian, and Por tuguese appellations are derived from the Arabic, narunj, or more remotely from the Sanscrit, nagrungan, the name of this

tree.

Engravings. Risso et Poiteau, Histoire Naturelle des Orangers; Poiteau et Turpin, Traité des Arbres fruitiers de Du Hamel; Audubon, Birds of America; Catesby, Natural History of Carolina; and the figures below.

Specific Characters. Calyx, quinquefid. Petals white, oblong, and 5 in number. Antheræ, 20-androus, with their filaments grown together, so as to form various pencils. Fruit, a 9 to 12-celled berry, globose, or flattened at the ends, with a thin or rough golden-yellow, or tawny rind, and a sweet, or bittersour pulp. Petioles, winged, sometimes nearly naked. Leaves, oval-oblong, elliptical, acute, or acutecrenulate.

HE Citrus auran-
tium, under fa-
vourable circum-
stances, usually

attains a height of twenty-five or thirty feet, and is graceful in all its parts. The trunk is upright, and branches into a regular or symmetrical head. The bark of the twigs is of a soft and almost translucent green, while that of the trunk and older branches is of a delicate ash-gray. The leaves are moderately large, beautifully shaped, of a fine healthy green, and shining on the upper sides, while the under sides have a slight appearance of down. The flowers occur in little clusters on the sides of the branches, are pleasing in their form, of a delicate white in the sweet oranges, and in the more acid varieties slightly tinged with pink. In some plants, they have a more powerful odour, and are, for the moment, more rich; but, in the orange-grove,

there is a fragrance in the aroma which never satiates nor offends; and, as the tree is at one and the same time in all stages of its bearing-in flower, in fruit just set, and in golden fruit, inviting the "hand to pull and the palate to taste,' -it is hardly possible to conceive or imagine any object more delightful. There is something, too, peculiar in the organization of the fruit of this tree. Its rind, or external covering, is of a spongy texture, containing but little juice or sap of any kind in its substance; but the external surface is covered, or tuberculated with little glands, which secrete an acrid, volatile oil, very inflammable, and of a strong, pungent taste. The interior of the fruit is usually divided into from nine to twelve carpels or cells, which contain the pulp, seeds, and juice, and are united by a whitish pellicle or leathery skin, radiating from the centre to the rind, and may easily be separated without wasting the juice. The seeds are solitary or several, and are attached to the inner angle of the carpel, and in some varieties, are entirely wanting.

Varieties. The varieties or races of the orange have been greatly multiplied; but whether from the proneness to change from some original differences in the species, or from difference of soil and climate, it is difficult to determine. It was the opinion of Galesio, who described forty principal kinds, as cultivated in Italy, that they were all derived from the common orange, although some are more acid, and others more bitter in their flavour. The most important varieties may be described as follows:

1. C. A. UMBILICATA. Navel Golden-fruited Orange-tree; Oranger nombril. of the French; Nabel Orangenbaum, of the Germans; Melarancio umbilico, of the Italians; Naranjo ombligo, of the Spaniards; Laranjeira embiga, of the Portuguese and Brazilians. This variety is a curious lusus naturæ, differing from the common orange by having, near the crown, and in some instances, quite outside of the pulp, at the end opposite the stem, an excrescence resembling a small orange when the rind is removed, into which is drawn all the superfluous or objectionable portion of the fruit, leaving the legitimate production free from impurities, and rendering it the most delicious and agreeable of its kind. The fruit is usually round, or slightly oblong, rather larger than that of the common orange, with a rind of about the same colour, surface, and thickness. The pulp is of a yellowish colour, of a delicious flavour, and better filled with juice than oranges generally in the torrid zone. It is chiefly cultivated in the neighbourhood of Bahia, in Brazil, where it is thought to be one of the greatest prodigies of the vegetable kingdom. The author of the present work claims the honour of first introducing this variety into the United States. He brought several trees from Brazil, in 1835, and caused them to be planted on the estate of the late Z. Kingsley, on Drayton Island, Lake George, East Florida, where they are believed still to exist.

2. C. A. SINENSIS. Chinese Golden-fruited Orange-tree, with ovate-oblong leaves; round, smooth, and rather flattened fruit, which is much esteemed, and is called by the Portuguese, Laranja da Xina; by the French, Orange douce; and Porto-gallo or Poma de Sino, by the Italians.

3. C. A. PYRIFORMIS. Pear-shaped Golden-fruited Orange-tree. This variety may be known by its elliptical, acute leaves, and large, top-shaped fruit. It is one of the most hardy kinds, and is well worthy of cultivation.

4. C. A. SANGUINEA. Blood-red-pulped Golden-fruited Orange-tree, distinguished by its ovate-oblong pellucid leaves, and medium-sized, round, rough, and reddish-yellow fruit, with a pulp irregularly mottled with crimson. The Arancio di sugo rosso of the Sicilians, is a sub-variety of it, who call the true blood-red variety, Arancio di Malta sanguigno. There is another sub-variety with small fruit, growing about Nice, called by the Italians, Arancio a foglio stretta.

5. C. A. CORTIDULCICULA. Sweet-skinned Golden-fruited Orange; Pomme