JOSEPH D'ALMEIDA. He is described in portrait catalogues as a "Jew Stockbroker." His portrait was painted by Wm. Lawranson, and engraved in mezzotint by John Jones, and published by him 9 Aug., 1783. He is referred to in the Memoirs of Jacob de Castro, the actor, as a patron of the drama. I should be obliged for any information and references in contemporary magazines and

papers.

66

91, Portsdown Road, W.

PARSONS'

66

ISRAEL SOLOMONS.

Replies.

The effect of these canons soon made itself felt in the gifts of tithes to religious houses. But many of the smaller lords were reluctant to grant their tithes to bodies at a distance, and preferred to retain them for local use. This object was effected by tonsuring the lord's steward or other lay person who administered them, whereby he became converted into an ecclesiastical person," and as a clerk could hold them without being in holy orders. The lord's grantee thereby became responsible to the bishop for the administration of them, and was called in consequence the responsible person (certa persona), but was commonly spoken of as the "parson."

The term occurs in the Constitutions of NOT IN HOLY ORDERS. Clarendon, 1164, and in Canon 6 of the (10 S. xii. 350.)

I HAVE a document in which Sir Thomas Sackville claims the great tithe of lamb and wool of some sheep in the parish of Bibury as person 22 of Bibury. Sir Thomas was Lord of the Manor and Lay Rector of Bibury, and rebuilt Bibury House in 1634. He uses the term throughout as if it belonged to him of right, and the spelling person shows that the meaning of the term had not then been obscured by the modern spelling parson." If I now called myself Parson of Bibury, which I have an undoubted right to do, most people would think that I had created myself a clerk in holy orders in derogation of my brother the Vicar.

66

22

One cannot imagine an acolyte having the impudence to call himself the Persona Ecclesiæ."

Sherborne House, Northleach.

SHERBORNE.

Before the three Lateran Councils of 1123, 1139, and 1179 tithes were in this country in theory devoted to pious uses, but practically administered by the lords of the land. The fifth canon of the first Lateran Council of 1123 then ordained: "We decree that no laymen, however religious they be, shall have power of

Council of York in 1195. The Exeter registers show parsons and vicars or chaplains existing side by side in a large number of parishes in Devon and Cornwall prior to the " consolidations 22 effected in the thirteenth century.

Further information on this subject may be found in a paper read by me before the Society of Antiquaries on 28 Feb., 1907, entitled The Treasury of God; or, The Birthright of the Poor.'

it

Lympstone, Devon.

OSWALD J. REICHEL.

Parish Life in Medieval England,' wherein The subjoined quotation from Gasquet's occurs at p. 71, opening chap. iv., which relates to The Parish Clergy,' may be useful under this heading :

"The word 'parson,' in the sense of a dignified personage 'the person of the place'. was, in certain foreign countries applied in the eleventh century, in its Latin form of persona, to any one writers, such as Coke and Blackstone, have stated holding the parochial cure of souls. English legal the civil law signification of the word as that of any person' by whom the property of God, the patron saint, the church or parish was held, and who could sue or be sued at law in respect of this England, according to Lyndwood, the word 'parson' property. In ecclesiastical language, at any rate in was synonymous with 'rector.'

WILLIAM MCMURRAY.

The Interpreter'

'Parson (persona) cometh from the French (personne). It peculiarly signifieth with us the rector of a church, the reason whereof seemeth to be because hee for the time representeth the church and sustaineth the person thereof, as well in siewing as being siewed in any action touching the

same.

2

In the Dictionarium Britannicum (1730) the word is defined as follows:

"Parson (prob. of parish son or of persona), the Minister Rector of a parish, probably so called because he represents that church and bears the person of it."

as

66

66

22

"Immortal Parson In the same work an is described as a collegiate or conventual body to whom the church is for ever appro66 Mortal Parson ?? priated"; and the term the title formerly used for the rector of a church made for his own life only." I cannot find any instance of a lay rector 66 a parson, ," and it appears being termed clear that the word is only properly applied The term to a rector who is in holy orders. is therefore not appropriate to a vicar, chaplain, curate in charge, &c.

R. VAUGHAN GOWER.

preface other than the Preface to the Phila-
delphia 'Sketches of Paris, 1838? In 1839
Carey & Hart published in two volumes
The text of this edition appears to
"The American în Paris. By John Sander-
son.'
be identical with the text of 'Sketches of
Paris, though each volume contains a table
of contents not in the earlier work.
tion" of "The American in Paris. By John
Carey & Hart published the "Third Edi-
Sanderson." The only edition mentioned in
the British Museum Catalogue is the London
edition of 1838.

66

In 1847

2. In 1843 there was published in Paris Un Hiver à Paris par M. Jules Janin." Probably in 1844, though there is no date on the title-page, there was also published in Paris 'L'Été à Paris par M. Jules Janin.” Probably in 1844, though still without date on the title-page, "Fisher, Fils & Cie." published in London "L'Hiver et l'Été à Paris, par M. Jules Janin. Illustrés par Lami. L'Été." In 1845–7, M. Eugène according to the British Museum Catalogue, Fisher, Son & Co. published in London a work in four volumes called "France Illustrated,.... Drawings by Thomas Allom, Esq. Descriptions by the Rev. G. N. Wright, M.A.22 The title of the last volume reads in part: "France Illustrated. Comprising Drawings a Summer and Winter in Paris. by M. Eugene Lami. Descriptions by M. Jules Janin. Supplemental Vol. IV. Peter Jackson, late Fisher, Son & Co." In 1843 66 The Ame(10 S. xii. Longman published in London or, Heath's Picturesque 'THE AMERICAN IN PARIS 410). Two distinct works have been pub-rican in Paris; Annual for 1843. By M. Jules Janin. Illuslished under this title. In 1844 Burgess, trated by Eighteen Engravings, from Designs by M. Eugene Lami.” Stringer & Co. published in New York "The American in Paris, during the Winter. By Jules Janin."

6

Book I.
"The

Blackstone, Commentaries,' chap. xi. (Of the Clergy'), says: appropriator, who is the real parson.' G. PROSSER.

22

In 1838 Carey & Hart of Philadelphia published in one volume "Sketches of Paris: in Familiar Letters to his Friends. By an American." This contains a Preface (pp. iii-iv) dated" London, August 10th, 18362; and pp. 5-321 of text in twenty three letters written from Paris between 29 June, 1835, and 7 May, 1836. This was printed in London in 1838 in two volumes under the title of The American in Paris,' and is the book about which MRS. BEALE inquires. As this London edition is not in the Boston or Cambridge (Mass.) libraries, will MRS. BEALE kindly state whether it contains a

The Longman volume of 1843 ('The American in Paris 2) is a translation of 'Un Hiver à Paris.' Vol. iv. of France Illustrated' contains 228 pages, of which pp. 5-141 are a translation of Un Hiver à Paris,' and pp. 142-228 a translation of 'L'Été à Paris.' The translation of Un Hiver à Paris' in France Illustrated' (iv. 5-141) is identical with Longman's The American in Paris' of 1843, except that certain portions of the in France latter are omitted, in the former. In the translation of L'Été à Paris Illustrated' (iv. 142-228) the translator has omitted portions of the French original.

be written by an American. In the Introduction to Un Hiver à Paris' we read:

:

II

J'ais traduit le présent livre d'un récit très exact et très-véridique qui nous est venu du pays de Cooper et de Washington-Irving....Je vous dirai peu de choses de l'écrivain original, car il a mis dans son voyage beaucoup de sa bonne humeur, de son esprit, de sa bienveillance naturelle. était jeune encore lorsqu'il vint à Paris....Il était arrivé à Paris un Parisien évaporé, tout disposé aux plus vives folies; il en sortit un grave Américain, tout préparé aux calmes et tranquilles honneurs que la mère patrie tient en réserve pour les fils de sa prédilection."

In the "English Translator's Introduction " to Longman's 'The American in Paris' we are told :

"In presenting this volume to the public, the English translator feels that some explanation is necessary; inasmuch as the obvious course would have been, to use the American manuscript referred to, in the French translator's introduction, instead of re-translating the work. The manuscript, however, the publishers could not obtain, and they were therefore compelled either to have a re-translation, or to look elsewhere for a description of Paris,-but the merit of this account was such, that they determined, at once, to adopt the former alternative....In order to give the full effect, to the very clever and amusing, but, at the same time, very peculiar style, of M. Jules Janin, the English translator has sometimes been compelled to use expressions, which may be considered foreign to the genius of the language, and to employ terms, which would not have-been chosen in an original work, but which were necessary to convey the full meaning of this very talented writer, who disdains to think by rule."

But no such name as Betubium is to be.
found in the works of the ancient geographers.
The word intended is doubtless Berubium,
which occurs in Smith's Dict. of Greek and
Roman Geography,' on the authority of
Ptolemy, and is supposed by Dr. R. G.
Latham to be Noss Head on the north-west
In Prof. C. H. Pearson's
coast of Scotland.
Historical Maps of England' (2nd ed. p. 13)
"Berubion Prom." is mentioned, with three
conjectures as to identification, viz., Arde
Head (so Camden), Duncansby Head (so
Horsley), and Noss Head (so 'Mon. Brit.').

It may perhaps be interesting to give the forms in Ptolemy as they appear on p. 88 of Müller's splendid edition (1883). Müller prints in his text Οὐερουβιουμ ἄκρον, Verubium promontorium,' ," but some MSS. have Βρουβίονη. A note says: "Hodie the Noss prope Wick oppidum.

66

It would be interesting from a literary point of view to ask where the poet had met with this rare Ptolemaic name for his highest peak ?? o'er which "the north-inflated tempest foams." It is not likely that Thomson was a student of Ptolemy. I suppose he must have found the word in Gibson's edition of Camden, where mention is made of the three promontories, viz., Berubium, now Urdehead.... Virvedrum, now Dunsby, otherwise Duncans-bay;.... and Orcas, now Howburn" (ed. 1753, p. 1280).

66

21, Norham Road, Oxford.

A. L. MAYHEW.

The Préface to 'L'Été à Paris' begins, There is apparently a misprint in the form "Voici encore notre Américain de l'an of the name Betubium that has been copied passé"; and speaks of the author as un in successive issues of The Seasons.' This compatriote de Franklin"; while on p. 3 is corrected in Longman's edition, dated we read: "Mais qu'importe ? j'ai pour me 1847, where the line reads :— consoler les vers de mon compatriote le poëte Wordsworth, Long Fellow: sweet April!" If Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ever saw this book, he must have been amused at the French printer's version of his name.

My guess is that the American authorship is merely a ruse on the part of Janin. Is it known for certain ? ALBERT MATTHEWS. Boston, U.S.

O'er Orcas' or Berubium's highest peaks.

are

These are names of two extremities on the northern face of the Scottish mainland, and are latinized forms of the promontories mentioned in Ptolemy's geography of Britain. identified with Cape Wrath and Fair Aird Ptolemy's "Tarvidium and Orcas " Head on the one hand; and his "Promontory Berubium" (Bepovßiovp akрov) is iden(Βερουβίουμ ἄκρον) tified with Duncansbay Head on the other. The poet, after describing "the naked melancholy isles," has turned to the mainland, where a while the muse passes Caledonia itself in romantic view from the tributary Jed

66

22

To where the north-inflated tempest foams
O'er Orcas' or Berubium's highest peak;
or, in other words, from the Tweed to the
Pentland Frith. R. OLIVER HESLOP.
Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

The east window is a most beautiful composition of figures. It was made by order of the magistrates of Dort, and by them designed as a present to Henry VII. The subject is the Crucifixion; a devil is carrying off the soul of the hardened thief; an angel receiving that of the penitent. The figures are numerous and finely done. On one side is Henry VI. kneeling; above him his patron saint, St. George; on the other side is his queen in the same attitude, and above her the fair St. Catherine with the instruments of her martyrdom. This charming performance is engraved at the cost of the Society of Antiquaries.'

There is a fuller description of the window in Hughson's Walks through London,' 1817, p. 228, where an altogether different version of the figures is given. The two kneeling ones are said to represent Henry VII. and his consort Elizabeth. Mr. Walcott's account of certain portions of the history of the window agrees with that of Hughson, who says: