senator Sumner, but was not expelled. He resigned his seat, and was re-elected without opposition.

SECTION 6, CLAUSE I. "The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place.”

Although the members of congress are elected by the several states, this clause provides that they be paid out of the national treasury. Under the articles of confederation, each state paid its own members of congress. In the British Parliament the members receive no compensation.

It was supposed by many members of the federal convention that the senate would represent the wealth of the country. This to a great extent has proved true. The proposition was made in the convention, that no salary be allowed to the senators. This proposition received the approval of Dr. Franklin, but it was voted down by a bare majority. Congress has, from time to time, increased the compensation of its members from six dollars a day in the house, and seven dollars a day in the senate, until, by a law passed in 1874, the compensation of each senator was fixed at five thousand dollars per annum, and the salary of each representative at five thousand dollars. The pay of the speaker of the house and of the vice-president, or if there is none, the president of the senate pro tempore, is eight thousand dollars

per annum. In addition to his salary every member of either house is allowed mileage, in coming and going between his home and congress, twenty cents per mile for every mile of travel by the usual route.

CLAUSE 2. "No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office."

The object of the first part of this clause was to prevent corruption, by diminishing the temptation to create remunerative offices to be filled by the members themselves. Unlike the British Parliament, this prevents cabinet officers from being members of congress.

SECTION 7, CLAUSE I. "All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the house of representatives; but the senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills."

This clause is copied from the custom of the British Parliament. There, revenue bills must originate in the house of commons. There is very little necessity in our present circumstances for this restriction. Raising revenue is understood to be confined to levying taxes. It is the custom for the senate to originate bills which look toward the raising of money, or which will require the raising of money, as for example, bills to establish post-offices, the mint, and to regulate the sale of public land, etc.

CLAUSE 2. "Every bill which shall have passed the house of representatives and the senate, shall, before it

become a law, be presented to the president of the United States; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law."

This clause prescribes particularly the method of passing a bill, that is, of enacting a law by congress. This method, briefly stated, is as follows:

A bill originates in one house, is read twice, either in full or by title, is discussed if necessary, is passed to the third reading, ordered to be engrossed, and when engrossed is sent to the other house with the signature of the presiding officer and the clerk. It is there considered in like manner, and when passed and properly signed is sent to the president; if he shall sign it, it becomes a law, and the official copy is deposited for preservation in the office of the secretary of state. If the president does not approve of the bill, he returns it "with his objections to the house in which it shall have

originated, who shall enter the objections at large in their journal, and proceed to reconsider it." If the vote shows less than two-thirds of the house in its favor, the bill is killed. If two-thirds or more vote in favor of the bill it is sent to the other house. If less than two-thirds favor the passage of the bill it fails; but, if two-thirds or more vote in favor of the bill, it becomes a law in spite of the president's veto.

Sometimes the president does not approve a bill, and yet is unwilling to veto it, in which case the constitution prescribes, that if the president does not return it to the house where it originated within ten days (Sundays excepted), it becomes a law without his signature. This would hold in all cases, except when congress, by their adjournment, should prevent its return. It is, therefore, possible for the president to prevent any bill which has been sent to him within ten days of the adjournment of congress from becoming a law. In case of such a bill, which the president does not approve, he has only to retain it, and it fails to become a law.

CHAPTER VI.

THE POWERS OF CONGRESS.

WE come now to the consideration of the powers vested by this constitution in the congress. It should be remembered that when the constitution was framed, the controversy was sharp and spirited between those who favored bestowing large powers upon the national government, and those who, fearing that evils would result from such a course, were strenuous in their belief that large powers should be retained by the governments and the people of the several states. In consequence of this controversy Section 8 of Article I. of the constitution defines somewhat minutely special subjects upon which congress shall have power to legislate. This section, however, does not contain an exhaustive enumeration of the powers of congress, and does not mean that congress shall not legislate on any subjects not here enumerated. This is evident from the 18th clause of this section, by which power is given to congress "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department, or officer thereof." Elsewhere, in various sections, the constitution requires of congress the exercise of powers not particularly mentioned in this section; and the constitution in different places implies that con