1. Awake and wake are used both transitively and intransitively. In the Past Tense, awoke is now preferred in transitive sense, and awaked in intransitive sense. Shakspeare, however, uses always awaked, waked, never awoke or woke. The forms awoke, woke, belong exclusively to the Past Tense Indicative, though sometimes incorrectly used as Participles. The derived Verbs waken and awaken are perfectly regular. 2. Bare is now obsolete. Born is used only after the Verb to be, and as a kind of Adjective (Lat. natus). Elsewhere borne is used: e.g. "Would I had died .... " And never seen thee, never borne [not born] thee son.' (Hen. VI. Pt. III. i. 1.) 3. Brake, obsolete. Shakspeare frequently uses broke as a Participle Byron "Most sacrilegious murder hath broke ope "The idols are broke in the temple of Baal." But this use is now of rare occurrence. 4. Clave, obsolete. 5. Clave, obsolete. Cleft, preferred both in Past Tense and Participle. 7. Koch gives eat as an alternative form in Modern English, both in Past Indicative and Participle, and cites the following examples: "The baron eat like a famished soldier." (Waverley, xi.) "He might have eat his part." (K. John, i. 1.) But this is neither the usage of the present day, nor is it founded on the original forms of the language. (O. E. at; Orm, ett. Koch, i. p. 274.) 8. The collateral Verb to fell belongs to Class IV., and is perfectly regular. 9. Shakspeare uses forsook as Participle― "His red colour hath forsook his cheeks." (Rich. III. ii. 1.) 10. Go.-The Past Tense of this Verb has been lost, and its place supplied by that of the Verb to wend. 11. In the sense of to inflict death by hanging, this Verb takes Past Tense and Participle hanged rather than hung: as "He went and hanged himself." (Matt. xxvii. 5.) Otherwise hung is preferred. 12. Hove (to) is a sailor's phrase. Otherwise always heaved. 13. Rede, to interpret (as in "rede me the riddle "), is an obsolete form of the same word. 14. Shakspeare frequently uses shook as Participle "Hadst thou but shook thy head." (K. John, iv. 2.) 17. Spake, obsolete. Spoke as Participle: Shakspeare often. The compound bespeak currently takes bespoke as Participle in commercial language. 19. Stole as Past Participle "On him who had stole Jove's authentic fire." (P. L. iv.) 20. Sware, obsolete (E. V.). 21. Took as Participle "He that might the vantage best have took." (Meas. for M. ii. 2.) 22. Tare (E. V.), obsolete. 23. Trod as Participle "Mischance hath trod my title down." (Hen. VI. Pt. III. iii. 3.) So not unfrequently in modern poetry. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 4. So provincially, squeeze, squoze, squozen (Lanc.). frozen met seen sodden, seethed sped 5. Gat, gotten, obsolete. Compound forgot, same principal parts. 9. This Verb is nearly obsolete, except in figurative sense: as, the seething waters. Also sodden in sense of wet through. (c) i long, as in drive; i short, as in begin. 1. The simple Verb bide has lost its Past Tense and Past Participle. 2. Bounden only used as Adjective, as bounden duty. Bound, prepared for, ready to go to (Icel. buinn), is from a distinct root. 4. Chode (Gen. xxxi. 36), obsolete. 5. Clomb, obsolete. It occurs in Milton "So clomb this first grand thief into God's fold.” (P. L. iv.) 6. Drave (Exod. xiv. 25), obsolete. 7. Foughten is occasionally used in the phrase, a "well foughten field." 11. Lien (Ps. lxviii. 13), obsolete. Lien (Lat. ligamen), as a law term, is a distinct word. 14. Shined, obsolete. 17. Smote occurs also rarely as Participle. Comp. Byron, Sennacherib "The might of the Gentile un-smote by the sword." 19. Strove as Participle, Shakspeare. 20. Thrived, Participle, Shakspeare, who does not use throve. 22. Wrote as Participle, Shakspeare. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS. 1. Begun as past indicative: Shakspeare, Pope, &c. Obs. The original form of the Past Tense of such verbs as begin, drink, cling, sing, ring, was in a with plural in u: as In several verbs the a has been lost altogether, having given place to the u sound of the plural and of the Past Participle. Thus we say, clung, stung, swung, instead of clang, stang, swang. In other verbs both forms exist side by side, as drank and drunk, shrank and shrunk, rang and rung, &c. The forms in a should not be used as participles. Thus "he had drank deeply" is incorrect and contrary to etymology. 9, 10. Sunken, shrunken, only used adjectively: as, a sunken reef, shrunken limbs. 11. Sitten, obsolete. |