Also some Verbs are regularly used both as Transitives and Intransitives. Such are, to move, to open, to sweep; to taste, to feel, to smell. Thus we say: to move the earth, and, the earth moves; he opened the door, and, the door opened, &c. Obs. 2. Milton occasionally uses the Passive of Intransitive Verbs impersonally, with or without the mention of the agent: as "Forthwith on all sides to his aid was run By angels many and strong." (P. L. vi. 335.) "Meanwhile ere thus was sinned and judged on earth." (Ib. x. 229.) This is a Latin idiom: cf. pugnatum est, &c. Mood. § 121. The simplest use of a Verb is to state something [§ 114]. But a Verb may also be used to express a command or wish, or to indicate something as possible or conceivable. The different forms of Verbs employed in so expressing ourselves are called MOODS. [Latin, modus, "manner."] § 122. There are four Moods-the Indicative, the Subjunctive, the Imperative, and the Infinitive. To these may be added the Participial and Gerundive forms. § 123. INDICATIVE MOOD.-When we make a direct statement, we are said to use the Indicative Mood [Lat. indicare, "to point out "]: as— 66. "Napoleon I. died at St. Helena." "I will arise and go to my father." (Luke xv. 18.) “Young Arthur is alive.” (Shaks. K. J. iv. 2.) Obs. We are also said to use the Indicative Mood in asking a question: as"Doth Arthur live?" (K. J. iv. 2.) "Breathes there the man with soul so dead Who never to himself hath said. . . ." (Scott, Lay, prol.) All languages appear to agree in using the Indicative Mood for direct questions. The interrogative nature of a sentence is in some languages indicated only by the tone of voice. § 124. IMPERATIVE MOOD.-When we order anything to be done, we are said to employ the Imperative Mood [Lat. imperare, "to command "]: as "Go! mark him well!" (Scott, Lay.) The same form is used to express a prayer or wish: as "Forsake me not thus, Adam!” (P. L. x.) "Give us this day our daily bread." Obs. 1. The Imperative Mood can strictly be used only in the 2nd Person; since the person commanded must be the person spoken to [76]. But in the 1st and 3rd Persons, an analogous sense is expressed by the use of the auxiliary Verb let, followed by the Objective Case of the virtual Subject: as "Let there be light!" (Gen. i. 3.) "Let us then be up and doing." (Longfellow.) In parsing such sentences the Verb let is best taken separately. [See § 259, 2.] Obs. 2. Besides the above forms, an imperative sense is conveyed by the verb shall, "Ye shall not afflict any widow or fatherless child." (Ib. xxii. 22.) "If thou buy an Hebrew servant, six years shall he serve; and in the seventh he shall go out free for nothing." (Ib. xxi. 2.) This form is most used in prohibitions, and is now nearly obsolete. § 125. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.-The Subjunctive is never used to make a direct statement like the Indicative, but always expresses some kind of condition or hypothesis. [Lat. subjungere "to join to."] It usually follows such words as if, unless, that, lest, although, provided, &c. Examples: if the night Have gathered aught of evil, or concealed, Disperse it, as new light dispels the dark!" (P. L. v.) "Get on your nightgown, lest occasion call us and show us to be watchers." (Macb. ii. 2.) "Confess thy treason ere thou fly the realm." (Rich. II. i. 3.) (Ivanhoe, ch. vi.) The Subjunctive Mood has gradually fallen more and more into disuse since the age of Queen Elizabeth. Instead of the simple Subjunctive we now more often use either the Indicative or a compound form with may, might, should. This tendency of the language is seen in such examples as the following:- alike in ignorance, his reason such, Whether he thinks too little or too much." (Pope, Ess. 2.) A man can never come up to the perfection of his nature before he is hurried off the stage." (Spect. No. 3.) “The maid will ask her mistress whether the gentleman is ready to go to dinner." (Spect. No. 12.) "Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by any one else, these pages will show." (Dickens, Dav. C. i.) แ tive If it should appear from anything I may set down in this narra (Ib. 2.) "And then as if this was not enough time." (Ib. 13.) .... she marries a second Obs. When the words may, might, should, are used to make a direct statement, "You have done that you should (= ought to) be sorry for.” (Shaks. J. C. iv. 3.) "If he is but half a monk, he should not be wholly unreasonable." (Ivan. ch. ii.) § 126. INFINITIVE MOOD.-The Infinitive Mood makes no statement whatever, but simply conveys the notion expressed by the Verb in the most general way. [Lat. infinitus, "unlimited."] It is now usually known by the prefix to as, to love, to hate, to have loved, to be loved, to be hated, to have been hated. The Infinitive is a Verbal Noun. See § 127, Obs. 2. Obs. In O. E. the infinitive ended in -an or -en, as Germ. lieb-en, afterwards changed into -e, which was finally dropped altogether. The Infinitive has an Indefinite, an Incomplete, and a Complete form: as, to write, to be writing, to have written. § 127. GERUND.-The Gerund is similar in meaning to the Infinitive, and is also a Verbal Noun. It denotes the going on or doing of something, and has the ending -ing: as, loving, hating, seeing, believing, &c. Obs. 1. By the side of the Gerundial forms in -ing, there exist also Nouns (in the strict sense) in -ing (formerly also -ung); and it is sometimes difficult to decide whether a given word is to be referred to the one class or the other. The student must be guided by the construction. If the form in -ing be preceded by the Article, or by an Adjective without the Article, it is almost always to be regarded as a Noun, and invariably so if followed by the Preposition of. If on the other hand it has the same construction as the Verb from which it is derived, it is a Gerund. (See Syntax, § 268, foll.) Compare the following examples : 1. Examples of TRUE NOUNS in -ing. "In the royal ordering of gardens, there ought to be gardens for all the months of the year." (Bacon, Gardens.) "Beware of hasty gathering of riches." (Id. Riches.) "It is the bright day that brings forth the adder, "Such resting found the sole of unblest feet." (Milt. P. L. i.) "Your remaining here would ruin us all." (Ivanhoe, xxvi. 2. Examples of GERUNDS in -ing. "For mine own part I durst not laugh, for fear of opening my lips and receiving the bad air." (J. C. i. 2.) "Well, we shall see what good they will make by exchanging a fool for a wise man." (Ivanhoe, xxvi.) "Cedric would have avoided pledging her in this ominous conviviality." “Seeing is believing." (Prov.) For further examples see Syntax, § 268, foll. (Ib. xxvii.) Obs. 2. In the oldest form of English, the Gerund [so called] is a form of the Infinitive Mood ending in -enne [later, -ende, -inde, -inge, -yng, -ing], and perfectly distinct from the Verbal Noun in -ung or -ing. (See Koch, ii. p. 67; Morris, p. 177.) The similarity of form and meaning seems to have subsequently caused a confusion between the two. Obs. 3. In such phrases as a-going, a-waiting, a-running, we have a Gerund preceded by a Preposition. Thus a-going on, in, or at going, &c. Examples: "In the days of Noah, while the ark was a-preparing." (1 Pet. iii. 20.) "There came three ships a-sailing." (Old rhyme.) "Simon Peter said unto them, I go a-fishing." (John xxi. 3.) "Whither were you a-going?" (Hen. VIII. i. 3.) Obs. 4. In Old English the Infinitive with to was often used with a Preposition prefixed: as "What went ye out for to see? (Luke vii. 25.) Obs. 5. Very many compound Nouns are formed from Gerunds or Verbal Nouns : as, walking-stick, i.e. stick for walking; drawing-room, i.e. room for withdrawing to, also for drawing in: so, "church-going bell" (Cowper), i.e. bell for church-going. § 128. PARTICIPLES.-A Participle is a Verbal Adjective, as a Gerund is a Verbal Noun. Accordingly all Participles refer to Nouns about which they specify something [see def. of Adj. § 52] as, ships sailing, boys playing, lions roaring, water flowing; books printed, houses built, streets paved, roads macadamised. § 129. There are two Participles properly so called:1. The IMPERFECT PARTICIPLE, which ends in -ing, and specifies some incomplete action or state of the Noun to which it refers: as "I see men as trees walking." (Mar. viii. 24.) ... "Here it runs sparkling, "Now Morn, her rosy steps in the eastern clime (P. L. v.) 2. The PERFECT PARTICIPLE, which has various endings, and specifies some completed action or state of the Noun to which it refers: as ". . . . like the snow-flake on the river, One moment white, then gone for ever." (Burns.) "The ides of March are come. Ay, Cæsar, but not gone." (J. C. iii. 1.) "Ye mind me of departed joys, Departed never to return!" (Burns.) Dost thou here lie!" (J. C. iii. 1.) "Millions of flaming swords drawn from the thighs Of mighty Cherubim (Milt. P. L. i.) "The sons Of Belial flown (i. e. winged, elated) with insolence and wine." (Ib.) N.B.-The Perfect Participle of Transitive Verbs has always a Passive sense. § 130. COMPOUND PARTICIPIAL FORMS.-Besides the Imperfect and Perfect Participles, several other compound forms are used: as 1. An Active form, compounded of the Perfect Participle and the word having: as, having lived, having conquered, having departed. This is called the Compound Perfect Participle Active. 2. A kind of Future form both in the Active and the Passive Voice, expressed by the phrase about to: as, about to die, about to sail, about to be beheaded. Obs. After the Verb to be a similar sense is conveyed by the phrase going to : cs, it is going to rain, the bill is not going to be brought forward. [Colloquial.] 3. An Incomplete Participle Passive, expressed by the word being: as, being built, being admonished. Obs. This usage is of late introduction into our language. The Incomplete sense was formerly expressed by means of a Preposition and a Verbal Noun: "The house is in or on building." Hence, by abbreviation, "The house is a-building," or finally, "The house is building." 4. A Compound Perfect Participle Passive: having been taught, having been reproved. Tense. § 131. The word Tense comes from the Latin tempus (Fr. temps), "time." The Verb is the only kind of word E |