are very indefinite expressions, when applied to an area of such vast extent as Africa, particularly when its population requires but little clothing; and if it were possible that the savage inhabitants of that country could so far compose their intestine strifes, and so organise a system of labour for the cultivation of the land, as to be able to raise and export a sufficient quantity of cotton to affect the trade in any appreciable degree, the inevitable result would be a demand on their part for manufactured goods which would greatly outstrip their production of the raw material. This is evidenced by the experience in the trade with India and South America. The demand for British manufactured cotton goods, which have to be made chiefly out of American cotton, is always augmented by the developement of the resources of new districts of country.

The Yankee charge, that the Southerners had placed an embargo on the exportation of cotton, is false. The Confederate Congress, while interdicting an overland traffic with the enemy, have given every facility to neutral commerce. Had the export of cotton been prohibited, there would not have been a single bale of the American staple in Europe for many months past. In spite of the illegal and vexatious blockade, the importations from Charleston and other ports have been four or five times greater than are the present stocks of American cotton in warehouse on this side of the Atlantic. These shipments, with the quantity previously on hand, have been the chief means of keeping the mills in partial operation, and have paid for the supplies sent to the South. It cannot, however, be expected that this business will continue, since the seceded States are growing daily more independent of all kinds of European manufactures. The Confederate Government may, therefore, through political considerations, be shortly induced to close their ports, except for the outlet of the produce hypothecated for the redemption of the 3,000,000l. loan contracted in Europe.

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CHAPTER V.

BRITISH OPINIONS ON THE COTTON QUESTION PRIOR TO THE DISSOLUTION OF THE AMERICAN UNION.

NOTWITHSTANDING the importance of the subject, comparatively little has been said recently in reference to the cotton question. It may, therefore, be well to take a retrospective glance at the views entertained in reference to the cotton supply before the disruption in the American States. The following is a report of the proceedings in the House of Lords, on January 27, 1860.

'Lord Brougham, in rising to move, according to notice, for returns, relating to the importation of cotton, said he under'stood there would be no objection on the part of the Government to granting them. He thought it would be most satisfactory to all to know, that since the repeal of the duty on 'cotton there had been such an enormous increase in the im'portation of cotton, from 63,000,000 lbs. to 1,024,000,000 lbs., an increase of sixteenfold, and the importations from the United States alone had risen from 23,000,000 lbs. to 830,000,000 lbs., or an increase of thirty-twofold. This enormous increase in the importation of cotton-so advan'tageous to our manufacturers and the community generally— had been accomplished at the trifling cost of 500,000l., which was the amount of the duty on cotton previous to its re'mission. He hoped the fact would be an encouragement to us to repeal duties, without any regard to what was called the reciprocity system, but to repeal them simply because we 'wished to get rid of the burden imposed upon us by those 'duties. There were now no less than 480 articles upon which 'excise or customs duties were levied, to the great discomfort of trade, and the injury of those who dealt in those articles, while the total product to the revenue was under 1,000,000l.; indeed, he believed it was only about 630,000l. He rejoiced ' in the benefits which had resulted to the people of the United

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States from our repeal of the duty on raw cotton; but it 'should not be forgotten that some of our own colonies pre'sented great facilities for the growth of cotton, and he hoped that in British Guiana, Jamaica, and in Africa, every en'couragement would be afforded by the Government to the 'cultivation of this most important material. Above all, he trusted that a trade in cotton would be opened up on the coast of Africa, in the districts explored by Dr. Livingstone, for upon the high land of that country cotton to any amount, ' and of the best quality, might, with a slight encouragement, 'be raised. He was told that a capital of 20,000l.. judiciously 'directed there, would be sufficient to secure this very great 'advantage; and he did hope that if it were inexpedient for the Government to interfere in such matters, his wealthy 'friends at Manchester and Liverpool would lend a hand to raise ' that sum of money.'

After much vituperation against the Southern States Lord Brougham was followed by the Bishop of Oxford, who said:

'That he had heard with the greatest satisfaction what had 'fallen from the noble lord. It was quite true that it was not 'the custom of the British Government to engage in direct 'speculations to promote the trade in any article, but, with regard to the growth of cotton, the British Government had ' rendered great assistance-namely, by making the highways of 'the great continent of Africa, the rivers, accessible to English 'merchants, so that cotton might be cultivated on each side of them, and the traders have a safe passage up and down. The difficulty which was experienced in other countries of obtaining free labour to produce cotton did not exist in Africa, where 'there was an abundant native population, whose cultivation of cotton would be attended with the additional advantage of in6 troducing a wholesome and lawful commerce, which would absolutely destroy the slave trade; for the only way by which 'that trade could be ultimately destroyed was by teaching the African chiefs that the employment of their dependent people in the production of the raw material of cotton, would be more advantageous than the selling them into slavery for transportation to other parts of the world. He, therefore, ' earnestly trusted that the attention of the Government would

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'be directed to the maintenance and even to the increase of 'efforts for opening the great rivers in Africa, especially the Zambesi, the opening of which he believed the Government was about to aid, and the Niger, which for years the Govern'ment had assisted in opening. (Hear, hear.)'

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Lord Overstone believed that a question of more importance ' than that relating to the extension of the source for the supply ' of the raw material of cotton could not be brought under the 'consideration of the Legislature. (Hear, hear.) He had, there'fore, heard with satisfaction the statement of the noble duke, 'that the attention of the Government was directed to this sub'ject, and that every encouragement consistent with sound 'principles would be afforded to extend the supply of cotton. (Hear, hear.) The noble and learned lord had stated that 'within a short period the importation of cotton had multiplied thirty-twofold in this country; and when their lordships con'sidered how extensive was the demand for cotton goods 'throughout the world, they would at once perceive that it was a serious matter to have for the supply of the raw material ' only a single source, liable to be affected by the uncertainties of climate, to say nothing of the obstacles which any unfor'tunate state of political relations might raise up in the way of 6 our merchants applying to that source. (Hear, hear.) He 'trusted that no efforts would be omitted by the people of this 'country to promote every rational enterprise for the supply of ' cotton in every quarter where it could be obtained, and that 6 all the encouragement which the Government could legitimately give would be afforded.'

Mr. Kettell, in commenting on this debate, truly remarks: 'The coolness with which the Bishop of Oxford states that 'cotton could be made by " free labour" if the " African chiefs ""would employ their dependent people," is amusing. If, ' instead of selling the man, or eating him, he compelled him 'to grow cotton, the Bishop, it appears, would be satisfied with • the progress of freedom. The discussion was narrowed down to the hopes that Africa might grow cotton. If we reflect 'that the supply of other materials for clothing increases much ⚫ less than cotton, the importance of the question will appear to 'be greater.' The five chief materials for human clothing are

hemp, flax, silk, wool, and cotton. These have been imported into England as follows:

Imports of Raw Materials for Textile Fabrics into Great Britain.

Lord Brougham and Lord Overstone overlooked the fact, that in order to cultivate cotton successfully not only a suitable climate is required, but that the directing hand and system of the white race, which is unobtainable in Africa, is also absolutely indispensable; as to the uncertainties of climate' in the Southern States, adverted to by the latter nobleman, for the purpose of urging the importance of obtaining supplies elsewhere, that argument completely falls to the ground upon an examination of the tables of the cotton crops of the Confederacy." These crops have ever been ample-in fact, of recent years more than sufficient for the supply of every demand. The only vicissitudes to which they are liable are occasional frosts, which but partially lessen the yield, and never spread over the entire cotton region. Freed labour would not answer in those States; but, in a philanthropic point of view, the really unprejudiced and thoughtful European can have no trouble in selecting the South as his best source of supply, even if Nature gave him the choice of any other.

"The Times,' in alluding to the debate in the House of Lords, makes the following remarks:

'The importation of cotton into this country has, since the 'import duty was abolished, increased sixteenfold. Having 'been 63,000,000 pounds, it is now 1,000,000,000 pounds.

* See table of Cotton Crops, p. 106,