salute, takes place at or near a military post, minute-guns are fired while the remains are being borne to the place of interment; but the number of such guns is not to exceed that which the officer was entitled to as a salute when living. After the remains are deposited in the grave, a salute corresponding to the rank of the deceased officer will be fired in addition to three salvos of artillery or three volleys of musketry.

In the event of a flag-officer of the Navy, whether of the United States or of a foreign country, dying afloat, and the remains are brought ashore, minute-guns are fired from the ship while the body is being conveyed to the shore. If it be in the vicinity of a military post, the flag of the latter is displayed at half-staff, and minuteguns are fired from the post while the procession is moving from the landing-place. These minute-guns are not to exceed in number that which the officer was entitled to, as a salute, when living.

During the funeral of a civil functionary entitled, when living, to a salute, the flag is displayed at half-staff, and minute guns fired as before; but neither salute nor salvos are fired after the remains are deposited in the grave.

On the death of an officer at a military post, the flag is displayed at half-staff, and kept so, between the hours of reveille and retreat, until the last salvo or volley is fired over the grave, or, if the remains are not interred at the post, until they are removed therefrom.

During the funeral of an enlisted man, the flag is displayed at half-staff, and is hoisted to the top after the final volley or gun is fired.

All military posts in sight, or within six miles of each other, display their flags at half-staff upon the occasion of either one doing so. The same rule is observed toward a vessel-of-war.

On all occasions where the flag is displayed at half-staff it is lowered to that position from the top of the staff. It is afterwards hoisted to the top before being finally lowered.-[Tidball's Man. of Hvy. Art., ¶ 713.]

631. Funeral escorts are allowed as follows: General-in-chiefa regiment of Infantry, a battalion of Cavalry, and two batteries of Artillery; a Lieutenant General-a regiment of Infantry, a battalion of Cavalry, and a battery of Artillery; a Major General—a regiment of Infantry, two companies of Cavalry, and a battery of Artillery; a Brigadier General-a regiment of Infantry, a company of Cavalry, and a platoon of Artillery; a Colonel-a regiment; a Lieutenant Colonel-six companies; Major-four companies; Captain-one company; Subaltern-half a company; non-commissioned Staff officer and a Sergeant-sixteen privates, commanded by a Sergeant; Corporal-twelve privates, commanded by a Corporal; private-eight privates, commanded by a Corporal.[Tactics.]

632. The escorts for officers of Light Artillery are as follows: Colonel-twelve pieces; Lieutenant Colonel and Major-eight

pieces; Captain-six pieces; Lieutenant-two pieces; enlisted man -one piece. If more convenient, the caissons need not accompany their pieces.-[¶ 979, Auth. Art. Tactics.]

633. An officer's escort, when practicable, is commanded by an officer of the same grade.-[Tactics.]

634. At the funeral of an officer, as many in commission of the Army-division, brigade, or regiment—according to the rank of the deceased, as can conveniently be spared from other duties, will join in the procession in uniform, and with side-arms. The funeral of a non-commissioned officer or private will be attended, in like manner, by the non-commissioned officers or privates of the regiment or company, according to the rank of the deceased, with sidearms only. The pall-bearers, six in number, will be selected from the grade of the deceased, or from the grade or grades next above or below it.-[Regs. 1863, ¶¶ 296, 297; Tactics.]

635. Persons joining in the procession follow the coffin in the order of their rank.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 298; Tactics.]

636. The usual badge of military mourning is a piece of black crape around the left arm, above the elbow, and also upon the sword-hilt, and will be worn when in full or in undress.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 299.]

637. As family mourning, crape will be worn by officers (when in uniform) only around the left arm.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 300.]

638. The drums of a funeral escort will be covered with black crape, or thin black serge.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 301.]

646. All official correspondence between the heads of the different Departments of the Staff of any command and its commander must pass through the Adjutant General, Assistant Adjutant General, or Adjutant of the command, as the case may be. Communications to or from a commander and those under his command must pass through the Adjutant General, Assistant Adjutant General, or Adjutant on duty with it, excepting only such communications between a disbursing officer and the Chief of the Bureau in which he serves as relate exclusively to the ordinary routine of business in their own Department.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 451.]

647. All communications, reports, estimates, &c., from officers serving at a military post, as well as communications of every nature addressed to them relating to affairs at the post, will pass through the post commander.

648. All communications, whether from an inferior to a superior, or vice versa, are, as a general rule, to pass through the intermediate commanders. In cases of pressing necessity, which leave

no time for regular communication, the necessity must be stated. The same rule governs in verbal applications. A Lieutenant seeking an indulgence must apply through his Captain, a Captain through the Adjutant, and so on. This paragraph, however, will not be interpreted as including matters in relation to which intermediate commanders can have no knowledge, and over which they are not expected to exercise control or to express opinion. All communications from superior to inferior officers will be answered through the same channel as received.—[ Regs. 1863, ¶ 451; G. O. 127, 1870.]

649. Officers must not apply to the Secretary of War or General of the Arny for personal favors, or address them on official matters in any other manner than is prescribed by Regulations and military usage. All such communications must be in writing, and addressed to the Adjutant General of the Army, through the intermediate commanders. Applications made in any other mode than that above prescribed will not be entertained, but will be construed as a breach of discipline, subjecting the writer to arrest and trial for disobedience of orders.-[G. O. 129, 1864; G. O. 19, 1870; G. 0.2, 1871.]

650. Generally officers who forward communications indorse on them their remarks or opinion, without other letters of transmittal. -[Regs. 1863, ¶ 454.]

651. Official letters should generally refer to one matter only. Those transmitting rolls and returns shall refer to no other subject. -[Regs. 1863, ¶¶ 453, 455.]

652. Applications for opinions or decisions upon questions relating to official business will not be made by persons in the military service to the Judge Advocate General, or to officers connected with other branches of the Government, as the Attorney General, or officers of the Treasury Department, without first submitting such question to the Secretary of War through the regular channels.-[G. O. 113, 1874.]

653. Written communications from a commander to those under his command may be made by his Staff officer. In all other cases they will be made by the commander himself.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 449.] 654. The post-office address of an officer's station shall be given in his official letters. "In the field," 66 Headquarters "Camp ," and other similar indefinite expressions of locality, do not of themselves indicate the place at or near which an officer is stationed. The term "Headquarters" should not be used as a heading to communications or orders from commanders of posts, battalions, companies, or detachments. The expression "Headquarregiment of," is proper.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 1264; “Gen.

ters

Army, Jan. 12, 1880.]

655. All official communications, such as letters, indorsements, &c., must be signed or authenticated with the pen, and not by stamps or fac similes. Signatures must be plainly and legibly writ

ten, with the actual rank and regiment or Corps of the writer annexed; if "by order," stating by whose order.-[Regs. 1863, ¶¶ 450, 1265; G. O. 68 and 92, 1870; G. O. 90, 1873.]

656. No officer shall be addressed in orders or official communications by any title other than that of his actual rank.—[ G. O. 92, 1870.]

657. All communications on public service are to be marked on the envelope "Official business."-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 457.]

FOLDING, BRIEFING, AND INDORSING OFFICIAL LETTERS. 658. Whenever more than three pages of the sheet used are required for the body of the communication, an additional half sheet, or more if necessary, will be neatly pasted to the first sheet, so that the outer page may be left entirely blank.

Letter-paper will be folded in three, foolscap in four equal folds, parallel with the writing. The inner edge of the sheet is the top when folded. The left-hand fold of the outer page is the first fold. The first fold is used exclusively for a brief analysis of the contents of the original communication, the office marks, and noting of inclosures.

Indorsements commence at top of the second fold, and follow each other in regular order of date on successive folds, leaving room after each for office marks.

In no case will a loose wrapper be placed around an official paper, except as a mere covering, on which nothing is to be written; but additional space for indorsements will be provided by neatly pasting slips of paper on the under side of the last fold-right-hand edge of the original paper-each slip to correspond in length and width (when pasted on) with the length and width of the original fold, and to turn back upon the last fold like the leaves of a book. By this arrangement, the first fold on which the office marks and brief are made is always outside.

Printed labels, by way of indorsement, will not be pasted on the papers; they cause the folds to crack, and increase the bulk of the papers.

All inclosures are numbered, and bear the proper office marks. Inclosures of the original communication are noted on the first fold, just below the brief. If others are added when an indorsement is made, the number of them is noted at the foot of their appropriate indorsement, and also on the first fold of the original communication, and to the latter notation is added the number of the indorsement to which they belong, thus: One inclosure-Fifth indorsement. Inclosures to indorsements are numbered in the same series as those to the original paper, and the number of the indorsement to which they belong is added below. If few in number, and not bulky, inclosures may be kept inside the original paper. If otherwise, they will be folded together in a wrapper marked "Inclosures," as an accompanying package.

Officers through whose hands official papers pass will make the inclosures and slips secure when they are not so.-[G. O. 22, 1871.] [Models illustrating the above system are furnished from the Adjutant General's Office.]

660. The orders of commanders of armies, divisions, brigades, and regiments are denominated orders of such army, division, &c., and are either General or Special. Orders are numbered, General and Special, in separate series, each beginning with the year. Those issued by commanders of posts, battalions, companies or detachments are simply denominated "Orders," and numbered in one series, beginning with the year.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 432; Decision, Jan. 5, 1876.]

661. General Orders announce the time and place of issues and payments; hours for roll-calls and duties; the number and kind of orderlies, and the time when they shall be relieved; police regulations, and the prohibitions required by circumstances and localities; returns to be made, and their forms; laws and regulations for the Army; promotions and appointments; enlogies or censures to corps or individuals, and generally whatever it may be important to make known to the whole command.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 433.]

662. Special Orders are such as do not concern the troops generally; such as relate to the march of some particular corps, the establishment of some temporary post, the detaching of individuals, the granting requests, and generally such matters as need not be published to the whole command.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 434.]

663. A General Order, and an important Special Order, must be read and approved by the officer whose order it is, before it is issued by the Staff officer.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 435.]

664. An order will state at its head whether it is Special or General; its number, date, and place of issue; and at its foot, the name of the commander by whose authority it is issued.—[Regs. 1863, ¶ 436.]

665. An order may be put in the form of a letter addressed to the individual concerned, through the proper channel. Such orders should be in strict military-not semi-official-form.-[Regs. 1863, ¶437.]

666. Orders to any officer to make a tour of travel on duty, as for the inspection or payment of troops, &c., shall designate the troops and posts he shall visit, and the order in which he shall visit them, and the route of travel.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 445.]

667. Every commander who gives an order involving an expenditure of public money shall send a copy, without delay, to the