1408. If the officer interested ask it, the proceedings of the Board of Survey shall be submitted to the Department Commander, whatever the amount involved, before being forwarded to the bureau.-[G. O. 29, 1880.]

1409. If the interests involved be large, they should also be submitted to the Division Commander.-[G. O. 29, 1880.]

1410. If, on examination in the proper bureau, the proceedings appear defective, or any objection arise, they are to be submitted for action of the Secretary of War.-[G. O. 29, 1880.]

1411. Proceedings of Boards of Survey may be submitted, when necessary, as vouchers to property returns or cash accounts; but even though properly approved, they are not to be considered sufficient as vouchers until accepted by the Secretary of War. Till so accepted, they are to be regarded simply as the recommendations of a board of disinterested officers to aid in the settlement of the accounts between the Government and the individual.-[G. O. 55, 1879; G. O. 29, 1880.]

1412. The final authority, which decides whether they constitute a sufficient voucher to relieve an officer from responsibility for property, rests not with any military officer, but with the Secretary of War.-[G. O. 29, 1880.]

1413. When proceedings of Boards of Survey are not accepted as sufficient vouchers to returns or accounts, the officer responsible for the property will be duly notified, that he may have early opportunity to make explanations or appeal to the Secretary of War, by whose authority alone stoppages can be made against officers for property accountability.-[G. O. 55, 1879.]

ARTICLE LXXII.

1416.

1416. Officers are expected themselves to do much of their office duty, instead of employing clerks.-[G. O. 97, 1870.]

1417. The employment of civilians in any branch of the service as clerks, mechanics, laborers, guards, or for any purpose for which soldiers could be detailed without manifest injury to the service, is strictly prohibited, except in cases where civilian clerks are allowed by Heads of Bureaus to Chiefs of the Staff Departments. This is to be construed as prohibiting any increase of civil employés beyond the number authorized from time to time by the War Department, except that commanding officers may order the temporary employment of civilian mechanics and laborers, when the same cannot be furnished by troops, for the construction of any specially authorized works, subject to the conditions specified in these Regulations. Commanding officers must satisfy themselves, personally

that it is absolutely necessary, before they allow soldiers to be assigned to extra or special duty in lieu of civilians discharged.— [G. O. 96, 1867; G. O. 97, 1870.]

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1419. The authority of the commanding officer shall be requisite for the employment of hired labor. He will cause the proper Staff officers to report to him the circumstances which render the same necessary, and will be held strictly responsible that such necessity exists. By "hired labor" is meant day laborers, or those hired for temporary work, to be discharged on its completion.-[G. O. 96, 1867. 7.1

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1421. In all cases where a commanding officer authorizes the employment of civilians, he will immediately transmit copies of his order, together with the report showing its necessity, to the Department Commander, and to the Head of the proper Bureau of the War Department. Should the circumstances not justify the issuing of the order, the expense incurred thereby will be charged to the officer responsible for it.-[G. O. 96, 1867.]

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1423. When practicable, persons hired in the military service shall be paid at the end of the calendar month, and when discharged. Separate pay-rolls shall be made for each month.-[ Regs. 1863, 1011.]

1424. When a hired person is discharged and not paid, a certified statement of his personal services and of wages due shall be given. [Regs. 1863, ¶ 1012.]

1425. In computing the wages of laborers employed at a per diem allowance, the actual number of days is to be ascertained and allowed. The day on which service begins and the day on which service ends should be counted in the computation of wages earned. Laborers employed by the month and actually performing their first day's labor on the 31st day of any month will be paid for that day.— [G. O. 33, 1870; G. O. 72, 1878. For further rules in computing time, see paragraph 1675.] *

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1427. Citizens in the employ of any branch of the military service, except laborers, teamsters, and like classes of employés, when traveling under competent orders, or upon summons as witnesses before military courts, will be entitled to transportation in kind; or, if no transportation be provided, they may charge the cost, actually paid by them, of travel-fare by the usual conveyances, inclusive of transfer to and from depots, not exceeding fifty cents each, and of one berth in sleeping cars, or on steamers where an extra charge is made therefor. Payment of parlor-car fare is prohibited.

In addition to the above, the sum of four dollars per day west of the Mississippi River, and three dollars and a quarter east thereof, will be allowed for each and every day unavoidably consumed in

travel, or on duty under the order or summons; provided that where meals are included in the transportation, or fare, by steamers, no per diem shall be charged.-[G. O. 97, 1876; G. O. 32, 1878; G. O. 25, 1879.]

1428. Laborers, teamsters, and like classes of employés, travel. ing as described in the foregoing paragraph, shall be entitled tosuch actual and necessary expenses on account of transportation and subsistence as may be authorized by the Chief of the Bureau which makes payment of the account-except when the employé is in receipt of a ration from the United States, in which case, if it be impracticable to carry his rations with him, instead of expenses of subsistence, as above contemplated, he will be paid commutation of rations at the usual rates.-[G. O. 97, 1876.]

1429. The items above authorized will appear in detail upon the voucher or upon a memorandum attached thereto. No other items of whatever nature will be allowed.-[G. O. 97, 1876.]

1430. Unless it be shown that transportation orders could not be procured from the Quartermaster's Department, no payment will be made of items of travel-fare over any of the roads included in paragraph 4, section II, or in paragraph 4, section V, of General Orders 97, 1876.-[G. O. 97, 1876.]

1431. The officer furnishing transportation will note the fact upon the summons, or order for the journey, or both, stating for how many and which of the persons named therein, and the points between which, transportation has been provided.-[G. O. 97, 1876.]

1432. The charges for return journeys of witnesses may be made up on the basis of the actual charges allowed for travel to the court, and the entire account, thus completed, may be paid upon discharge from attendance without waiting for completion of return travel.— [G. O. 97, 1876.]

1433. The correctness of the items will be attested by the certificate of the officer in charge of the employé, or, if there be no such officer, by affidavit, to be made, when practicable, before a Judge Advocate or Post Adjutant; the voucher to be accompanied with the original summons, or order, or a copy of the order, and of the indorsements thereon, certified by an officer; or with such other evidence of authority for the journey as the Chief of the Bureau making the payment may prescribe. In the case of witnesses before military courts, the certificate of the Judge Advocate will be evidence of the fact and period of attendance, and should be made upon the voucher.-[G. O. 97, 1876.]

1434. No per diem allowance can be made where the attendance upon court does not require the witness to leave his station.[G. O. 97, 1876.]

1435. The foregoing rules (except paragraphs 1430 and 1434) will apply to the travel-expense accounts of citizens not in Government employ, summoned to attend upon military courts.-[G. O. 97, 1876.]

1436. Compensation to citizens, in or out of Government employ, for attendance upon civil courts, is payable only by the civil authorities.-[G. O. 97, 1876.]

ARTICLE LXXIII.

STAFF ADMINISTRATION.

1441. All commanding officers will see to the prompt rendering of returns, early requisitions and estimates from their respective commands, in order to provide for the making of timely contracts for necessary supplies or services.—[G. O. 40, 1880.]

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1447. It is the duty of every commanding officer to enforce a rigid economy in the public expenses, and to correct all irregularities and extravagances which he may discover; to see that all disbursements are prudently and economically made; that public property is properly cared for, and not lost or destroyed through neglect; to carefully scrutinize all contracts and disbursement accounts submitted for his approval, and to see that the public interests are in every way fully protected.-[G. O. 98, 1866.]

1448. Every order issued by any military authority, which may cause any expenditure in a Staff Department, shall be given in writing, and one copy thereof immediately forwarded, by the officer receiving the order, to the head of his department, and one copy filed by the disbursing officer, with his voucher for the disbursement. If the expenditure is disallowed, it will be charged to the officer who ordered it.-[G. O. 76, 1867.]

1449. The administrative control exercised by department commanders shall, when troops are in the field, devolve on the commanders of divisions; or, when the command is less than a division, on the commander of the whole.-[Regs. 1863, ¶ 1057.]

ARTICLE LXXIV.

ADVERTISING AND JOB PRINTING.

[G. O. 40, 1880.]

[The term "advertising" as used herein includes all publications in news papers inserted for pay. The words "job printing" cover all kinds of printing except advertisements inserted in newspapers. All communications relative to advertising and printing will be directed to the Chief Clerk of the War Department.]

1450. Section 3828 of the Revised Statutes, relative to advertising, is as follows:

And be it further enacted, That no advertisement, notice, or proposal for any Executive Department of the Government, or for any Bureau thereof, or for any

office therewith connected, shall be published in any newspaper whatever, except in pursuance of a written authority for such publication from the Head of such Department; and no bill for any such advertising or publication shall be paid, unless there be presented with such bill a copy of the written authority aforesaid.

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1474. The publication of military orders and circulars in newspapers is unauthorized.

1573. No advance of public money shall be made in any case whatever, except such advances to disbursing officers of the Government as may be necessary to the faithful and prompt discharge of their respective duties, and to the fulfillment of the public engagements.-[R. S., § 3648; Regs. 1863, ¶ 999.]

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1577. Every person having moneys of the United States in his hands or possession who fails to deposit them according to law and the instructions of the proper authority, shall be deemed guilty of embezzlement and punished as provided by law.-[R. S., § 5492.]

1578. All public officers of whatsoever character are required to keep safely, without loaning, using, depositing in banks, or exchanging for other funds than as specially allowed by law, all the public money collected by them, or otherwise at any time placed in their possession and custody, till the same is ordered, by the proper Department or officer of the Government, to be transferred or paid out; and when such orders for transfer or payment are received, faithfully and promptly to make the same as directed, and to do and perform all other duties as fiscal agents of the Government which may be imposed by any law, or by any regulation of the Treasury Department made in conformity to law.—[R. S., § 3639; Regs. 1863, ¶ 993.]

1579. Every officer or other person who shall violate the provisions of the foregoing section [¶ 1578] in regard to the safe-keeping of public moneys, shall be guilty of embezzlement of the money so laned, used, converted, deposited, or exchanged, and punished according to law.-[R. S., § 5490.]