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knowledge of books and authorities which, through the aid of a splendid memory, served him so well in his after years.

In 1859, Dr. Gill visited Newfoundland and studied its fauna, and in 1860 prepared a report on the fishes of the northern boundary for the State Department of the United States. In 1861 he came to Washington and became a member of the department of zoology at Columbian, now George Washington University, with which institution he remained connected until his death, although subsequent to 1910 he withdrew from active work as emeritus professor of zoology. After settling in Washington, Gill came under the influence of Prof. Spencer F. Baird, who found congenial work for him in the library of the Smithsonian Institution, of which he had charge from 1862 until 1866. When the library became a part of the national collections in the Capitol, he continued in that service until 1874 and was for a time. assistant librarian of Congress. Upon severing his connection with that library, he devoted his attention almost exclusively to studies in natural history, working largely in the libraries of the Smithsonian Institution and the United States National Museum, holding the honorary appointment of associate in zoology on the scientific staff of the museum subsequent to 1894.

George Washington University conferred upon him the honorary degrees of A. M. in 1865; M. D. in 1866; Ph. D. in 1870; and finally in 1895 bestowed upon him its highest doctorate, that of laws.

He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1873, and at the time of his death his length of membership was exceeded by only five other members. He represented the Academy at the International Zoological Congress in 1898 and was its delegate and that of the Smithsonian Institution at the four hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the University of Glasgow in 1901. In 1868 he was elected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 1897 succeeded to the presidency of that organization on the death of Edward Drinker Cope.

Dr. Gill died in Washington City at noon on September 25, 1914. (Extract from Science, n. s., vol. 40, no. 1033.)

CHARLES SEDGWICK MINOT.

Charles Sedgwick Minot was born in Boston, Mass., December 23, 1852, and died at his home near there after a painful illness of several months' duration on November 19, 1914.

After graduating as bachelor of science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1872, Minot pursued graduate studies in physiology, histology, embryology, and zoology in the Harvard Medical School under Bowditch, in the Universities of Leipzig under

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nces in the organization and development of the biological sciences n America during the past 30 years. He was especially active in romoting the interests of the Society of Naturalists, of the American. Association for the Advancement of Science, of which he was president in 1900, of the Boston Society of Natural History, of which he was president from 1897, and of the Anatomisk. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1897 and was active in the work of the academy. His administration of the Elizabeth Thompson Fund is an example of the possibilities of usefulness of even relatively small grants in the aid of research.

Many of Minot's admirable presidential and other general addresses, including those delivered as Harvard Exchange professor to the Universities of Berlin and of Jena in 1912-13, have been published in two German works entitled Die Methode der Wissenschaft, 1913, and Moderne Probleme der Biologie, 1913, also translated into English. Some indication of their scope may be furnished by such titles as The Work of the Naturalist in the World, Knowledge and Practice, The Embryological Basis of Pathology, Ideals of Medical Education, The Problem of Consciousness in its Biological Aspects.

Minot was a member of many American and foreign scientific societies, Sc. D. of Oxford, and LL. D. of Yale, Toronto, and St. Andrew's Universities.

The significance of Minot's work is not to be found solely, or even chiefly, in the narrower fields of anatomical inquiry which he cultivated so successfully, but even more is to be sought in his services in spreading the spirit of science, in advancing scientific research, and in endeavoring to direct educational and scientific institutions and societies toward these great ends. (Prepared by William H. Welch.)

KARL HARRY FERDINAND ROSENBUSCH.

Although the subject of this notice was generally known in this country under the name of Heinrich Rosenbusch, I can find no authority for the use of this Christian name. His official designation was as given above, while in all his published writings and private letters, down to the year 1900, he subscribed himself H. Rosenbusch, after that date using the name Harry only.

The distinguished petrographer was born at Einbeck in Hanover in the year 1836, and was educated at the gymnasium of Hildesheim and the Universities of Göttingen, Freiburg, and Heidelberg, acquiring a taste for mineralogical studies at the last-mentioned seat of learning under Prof. Blum. Before taking his doctor's degree, however, Rosenbusch accepted a post as tutor in a Portuguese family and proceeded to South America, and it was at this time probably 85019-S. Doc. 989, 63-3- -4

Ludwig and Leuckart, of Paris under Ranvier, and of Würzburg under Kölliker and Semper. He returned to America with a mastery of microscopical technique and a broad foundation of knowledge in the biological sciences, to which he had already begun to make contributions. His earliest studies were in entomology. Under Bowditch and Ludwig he was trained as a physiologist and conducted valuable experiments upon the physiology of muscle, for which he received in 1878 the degree of doctor of science from Harvard University. He was, however, more attracted to morphological studies, and after his appointment in 1880 as lecturer on embryology, to which histology was added, in the Harvard Medical School, his main scientific work lay in these fields. After filling successively the positions of lecturer, instructor, and assistant professor, he became professor of these subjects in 1892 and since 1905 he held the professorship of comparative anatomy and the directorship of the anatomical laboratories in the Harvard Medical School.

Minot devised two widely used forms of automatic microtomes. His contributions to mammalian embryology were numerous and important and are embodied in many papers and memoirs and in his great work on Human Embryology, published in 1892, his Bibliography of Vertebrate Embryology (1893), and his Laboratory Textbook of Embryology (1903), the third edition of which he left nearly ready for the printer at the time of his death.

Minot developed a laboratory admirably equipped for teaching and research. Here he gathered a wonderful collection of over 1,900 embryos of various animals, cut into sections, arranged, and catalogued so as to constitute a vast material for the study of vertebrate embryology. He substituted for the chick embryo largely that of the pig and other mammals for teaching embryology. His name is particularly associated with the advancement of knowledge concerning the placenta and the embryonic membranes.

Of the more purely histological studies perhaps the most important is that published in 1900 “On a Hitherto Unrecognized Form of Blood Circulation without Capillaries," in which he described a lacunar system of vessels to which he gave the name "sinusoids."

The breadth of biological interest with which Minot approached the investigation of structure was especially manifested in his studies of growth, the results of which are presented in his thoughtful and suggestive work entitled Age, Growth, and Death, published in 1908. Here he seeks to establish the cytological causes of senescence, which he finds in the increase and differentiation of cytoplasm as related to nucleoplasm.

Endowed with intellectual gifts of a high order, with broad and exact scientific training, with vision and insight, with rare powers of public speech, Minot was one of the strong and stimulating influ

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ences in the organization and development of the biological sciences in America during the past 30 years. He was especially active in promoting the interests of the Society of Naturalists, of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, of which he was president in 1900, of the Boston Society of Natural History, of which he was president from 1897, and of the Anatomisk. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1897 and was active in the work of the academy. His administration of the Elizabeth Thompson Fund is an example of the possibilities of usefulness of even relatively small grants in the aid of research.

Many of Minot's admirable presidential and other general addresses, including those delivered as Harvard Exchange professor to the Universities of Berlin and of Jena in 1912-13, have been published in two German works entitled Die Methode der Wissenschaft, 1913, and Moderne Probleme der Biologie, 1913, also translated into English. Some indication of their scope may be furnished by such titles as The Work of the Naturalist in the World, Knowledge and Practice, The Embryological Basis of Pathology, Ideals of Medical Education, The Problem of Consciousness in its Biological Aspects.

Minot was a member of many American and foreign scientific societies, Sc. D. of Oxford, and LL. D. of Yale, Toronto, and St. Andrew's Universities.

The significance of Minot's work is not to be found solely, or even chiefly, in the narrower fields of anatomical inquiry which he cultivated so successfully, but even more is to be sought in his services in spreading the spirit of science, in advancing scientific research, and in endeavoring to direct educational and scientific institutions and societies toward these great ends. (Prepared by William H. Welch.)

KARL HARRY FERDINAND ROSENBUSCH.

Although the subject of this notice was generally known in this country under the name of Heinrich Rosenbusch, I can find no authority for the use of this Christian name. His official designation was as given above, while in all his published writings and private letters, down to the year 1900, he subscribed himself H. Rosenbusch, after that date using the name Harry only.

The distinguished petrographer was born at Einbeck in Hanover in the year 1836, and was educated at the gymnasium of Hildesheim and the Universities of Göttingen, Freiburg, and Heidelberg, acquiring a taste for mineralogical studies at the last-mentioned seat of learning under Prof. Blum. Before taking his doctor's degree, however, Rosenbusch accepted a post as tutor in a Portuguese family and proceeded to South America, and it was at this time probably

85019-S. Doc. 989, 63-3- -4

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