United States v. Paul. 6 P. ment of the said court in this: that the said court rejected the copies of the deeds offered by the plaintiffs as evidence, being of opinion that there was no proof of the execution of two of them. Therefore, it is considered by the court that the judgment of the said circuit court be reversed and annulled, and that the cause be remanded to the said circuit court, with directions to award a venire facias de novo. 14 H. 253. THE UNITED STATES V. JAMES PAUL. 6 P. 141. The third section of the act of congress entitled "an act more effectually to provide for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States, and for other purposes," passed March 3, 1825, (4 Stats. at Large, 115,) adopted only the laws of the several States in force at the time of its enactment. CERTIFICATE of division of opinion of the judges of the circuit court of the United States for the southern district of New York. The defendant, James Paul, was indicted at October term, 1830, of the circuit court, for burglariously breaking and entering a store at West Point, with intent to steal. [* 142 ] *The store was not in any way identified with a dwelling, and the offence, therefore, was not a burglary at common law, nor by the laws of New York, as existing in 1825, but was created a burglary in the third degree by the Revised Statutes of New York, going into operation in 1829. The judges were divided in opinion upon the question whether the 3d section of the act of 1825 adopted only the then existing laws of the State, and so certified. The case was submitted to the court without argument, by Taney, attorney-general of the United States, and by Washington Quincy Morton, for the defendant. MARSHALL, C. J., stated it to be the opinion of the court that the third section of the act of congress, entitled "an act more effectually to provide for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States, and for other purposes," passed March 3, 1825, is to be limited to the laws of the several States in force at the time of its enactment. This was ordered to be certified to the circuit court for the southern district of New York. 5 H. 441 Oliver v. Alexander. 6 P. ROBERT OLIVER, THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES, AND THE UNION BANK OF MARYLAND, ASSIGNEES OF SMITH AND BUCHANAN, HOLLINS AND M'BLAIR, AND JOHN S. STYLES, EXECUTOr of GEORGE STYLES, Appellants, v. JAMES ALEXANDER and SEVENTYSEVEN OTHERS, Seamen of the Ship Warren, Appellees. 6 P. 143. Though seamen join in a libel in the admiralty, the matter in dispute is several with each libellant, and the claimant can appeal only in regard to a separate demand by a seaman exceeding the sum of $2,000. THE case is stated in the opinion of the court. Hoffman, for the motion to dismiss the appeal. Wirt and Taney, (attorney-general,) contrà. *STORY, J., delivered the opinion of the court. This is an appeal from certain decrees of the circuit [*144] court of the district of Maryland, rendered in pursuance of the mandate of this court when the same cause was formerly before us; the report of which will be found in Sheppard v. Taylor, 5 Pet. 675, et seq. *After the cause was remanded, the circuit court referred [* 145 ] it to a commissioner to ascertain and report to the court the sums respectively due to each of the officers and seamen who were libellants for their wages, and interest thereon. In conformity with this order of reference, the commissioner made reports of the amount so due to each of the libellants then before the court; and thereupon the court, after confirming the second and final report of the commissioner, proceeded to enter a separate decree for each libellant, for the amount so found due to him, and to apportion, pro rata, the payment of the same out of the funds in the hands of Robert Oliver and others, the assignees in whose hands the funds were attached; and to decree the deficit to be paid by the owners of the ship Warren. The sums so decreed to the libellants, respectively, in no case exceeded $900, and most of them fell short of $500. From the separate decrees so rendered, the assignees prayed an appeal to this court, and gave a several appeal bond upon the appeal from each decree, as well as a joint appeal bond for the whole. Under these circumstances, a motion has been made to dismiss the appeal, upon the ground that the sum in controversy in each decree is less than $2,000; and, as such, is insufficient to give this court appellate jurisdiction. The motion is resisted upon the other side Oliver v. Alexander. 6 P. upon the ground that the aggregate in controversy, under the whole of the decrees taken together, greatly exceeds that value. The question is one of great practical importance; but, in our judgment, not of any intrinsic difficulty. The present is a case of seamen's wages, in which there is necessarily a several and distinct contract with each seaman, for the voyage, at his own rate of wages; and though all may sign the same shipping paper, no one is understood to contract jointly with, or to incur responsibility for any of the others. The shipping articles constitute a several contract with each seaman to all intents and purposes; and are so contemplated by the act of congress for the government and regulation of seamen in the merchants' service; act of 1790, c. 29;' and have been so practically interpreted by courts of justice, as well as by merchants and mariners, in all commercial nations in modern times. It is well known that every seaman has a right to sue severally [* 146 ] *for his own wages, in the courts of common law; and that a joint action cannot be maintained in such courts by any number of the seamen, for wages accruing under the same shipping articles for the same voyage. The reason is, that the common law will not tolerate a joint action, except by persons who have a joint interest, and upon a joint contract. If the cause of action is several, the suit must be several also. But a different course of practice has prevailed for ages in the court of admiralty, in regard to suits for seamen's wages. It is a special favor, and a peculiar privilege allowed to them, and to them only; and is confined strictly to demands for wages. The reason upon which this privilege is founded is equally wise and humane; it is to save the parties from oppressive costs and expenses, and to enable speedy justice to be administered to all who stand in a similar predicament; in the expressive language of the maritime law, velis levatis. And the benefit is equally as great to the ship-owner as to the seamen; though the burden would otherwise fall upon the latter, from their general improvidence and poverty, with a far heavier weight. A joint libel may therefore always be filed in the admiralty by all the seamen who claim wages for services rendered in the same voyage, under the same shipping articles. But although the libel is thus, in form, joint, the contract is always treated in the admiralty according to the truth of the case, as a several and distinct contract with each seaman. Each is to stand or fall by the merits of his own claim, and is unaffected by those of his co-libellants. The defence which is good against one seaman may be wholly inapplicable to another. 11 Stats. at Large, 131. Oliver v. Alexander. 6 P. One may have been paid; another may not have performed the service; and another may have forfeited, in whole or in part, his claim to wages. But no decree whatsoever, which is made in regard to such claim, can possibly avail to the prejudice of the merits of others, which do not fall within the same predicament. And wherever, from the nature of the defence, it is inapplicable to the whole crew, the answer invariably contains separate averments, and is applied to each claim according to its own peculiar circumstances. The decree follows the same rule, and assigns to each seaman severally the amount to which he is entitled, and dismisses the libel as to those, and those only, who have maintained no right to the interposition of the court in their favor. The [147] whole proceeding, therefore, from the beginning to the end of the suit, though it assumes the form. of a joint suit, is, in reality, a mere joinder of distinct causes of action by distinct parties, growing out of the same contract, and bears some analogy to the known practice at the common law, of consolidating actions against different underwriters, founded upon the same policy of insurance. Be this as it may, it is the established practice of the admiralty. The act of congress already referred to adopts and sanctions the practice; and it enacts that in proceedings in rem against the ship for mariners' wages, "all the seamen or mariners, having cause of complaint of the like kind against the same ship or vessel, shall be joined as complainants." Act of 1790, c. 29, § 6. It thus converts what, by the admiralty law, is a privilege, into a positive obligation, where the seamen commence a suit at the same time in the same court, by a proceeding in rem for their wages. And it further directs that "the suit shall be proceeded on in the said court, and final judgment be given, according to the course of admiralty courts in such cases. used." Act of 1790, c. 29, § 6. From this summary view of the nature and operation of the proceedings in the admiralty in cases of joint libels for wages, it is obvious that the claim of each seaman is distinct and several; and the decree upon each claim is in like manner distinct and several. One seaman cannot appeal from the decree made in regard to the claim of another; for he has no interest in it, and cannot be aggrieved by it. The controversy, so far as he is concerned, is confined solely to his own claim; and the matter of dispute between him and the owners or other respondents, is the sum or value of his own claim, without any reference to the claims of others. It is very clear, therefore, that no seaman can appeal from the district court to the circuit court, unless his own claim exceeds $50; nor from the circuit court to the supreme court, unless his claim exceeds $2,000. And the Oliver v. Alexander. 6 P. same rule applies to the owners or other respondents, who are not at liberty to consolidate the distinct demands of each seaman into an aggregate, thus making the claims of the whole the matter in dis pute; but they can appeal only in regard to the demand of a seaman which exceeds the sum required by law for that purpose, as [* 148 ] a distinct *matter in dispute. If the law were otherwise, it would operate in a most unjust and oppressive manner; for then the seamen would be compellable to file a joint libel; and, if any controversy existed as to the claim of a single seaman, all the others would be compellable to be dragged before the appellate tribunals, and incur enormous expenses; even when their own rights and claims were beyond all controversy, and in truth were not controverted. The form of proceeding would thus be made an instrument to subvert the very object for which it was instituted. But it has been argued that this court formerly entertained jurisdiction of this very cause upon an appeal by the seamen, and passed a decree in their favor; and that the present appeal is to the erroneous proceedings of the circuit court in carrying into effect that decree; and if the seamen may appeal, the original respondents may appeal also. It is true that the appeal was taken by the seamen, and jurisdiction entertained by this court in the manner stated at the bar; but a moment's attention to the state of facts and posture of the case at that time, will show that the conclusion now attempted to be drawn from them, is wholly unsupported. There was nothing, then, upon the record to show what were the amounts respectively claimed by, and due to the seamen. The decrees, both in the district court and in the circuit court, were, by the consent of the parties, pro forma, dismissing the libel as to all the libellants, without any inquiry into or ascertainment of the claim of any one of them; and this dismissal was for the avowed purpose of taking an appeal to this court, in order to settle the only real controversy between the parties to the appeal; namely, whether the funds in the hands of the assignees were liable to the claims of the seamen in point of law. Such a proceeding, assented to by all the parties in interest, necessarily admitted that the sums in controversy between the parties were sufficient to found the appellate jurisdiction of this court. The argument at the bar proceeded upon this implied admission; and there was nothing in the record before the court that contradicted the admission. It was not possible for the courts, therefore, to know what was due or claimed by each seaman; and, though consent cannot give jurisdic tion to this court by way of appeal, where the matter in dis[* 149 ] pute is less than $2,000, *yet an admission of a sufficient value, by the parties, is presumed to be correct, where the |