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dom's cause-until the Stars and Stripes (God bless them) shall again be unfurled upon every cross-road, and from every house-top throughout the confederacy, North and South. "Let the Union be reinstated; let the law be enforced; let the Constitution be supreme." In the same reliable confidence in the popular appreciation of the Government which sheds such blessings over all, he predicted the electric movement all over the North to succor the Republic. "There will be an uprising. Do not talk about Republicans now; do not talk about Democrats now; do not talk about Whigs or Americans now; talk about your country, and the Constitution, and the Union. Save that, preserve the integrity of the Government; once more place it erect among the nations of the earth; and then, if we want to divide about questions that may arise in our midst, we have a Government to divide in." He denied that the object of the movement was war on Southern institutions. The idea was denied both in free States and slave States. 'It was," said he, "a war for the integrity of the Union;" and with this design filling his mind, concluded thus manfully :

Let

แ Although the Government has met with a little reverse within a short distance of this city, no one should be discouraged and no heart should be dismayed. It ought only to prove the necessity of bringing forth and exerting still more vigorously the power of the Government in maintenance of the Constitution and the laws. the energies of the Government be redoubled, and let it go on with this war-not a war upon sections, not a war upon peculiar institutions any where; but let the Constitution and the Union be its frontispiece, and the supremacy and enforcement of the laws its watchword. Then it can, it will, go on triumphantly. We must succeed. This Government must not, cannot fail. Though your flag may have trailed in the dust; though a retrograde movement may have been made; though the banner of our country may have been sullied, let it still be borne onward; and if, for the prosecution of this war in behalf of the Government and the Constitution, it is necessary to cleanse and purify that banner, I say let it be baptized in fire from the sun and bathed in a nation's blood! The nation must be re

deemed; it must be triumphant. The Constitution-which is based upon principles immutable, and upon which rest the rights of man and the hopes and expectations of those who love freedom throughout the civilized world-must be maintained."

On the 16th December, 1861, Senator Wilkinson of Minnesota submitted a resolution for the expulsion of Jesse D. Bright of Indiana from his seat in the Senate of the United States, based on a letter from Bright introducing one Thomas B. Lincoln to Jefferson Davis as a person who had an improvement in fire arms to dispose of. The Committee on the Judiciary reported adversely on the resolution, and on the 31st of January following, Senator Johnson addressed the Senate on the subject, and in favor of the resolution. He disclaimed any personal or party feelings in the course he pursued. A few years previous the seat of Mr. Bright was contested, and Senator Johnson voted to admit him. He was now impelled by an imperative sense of public duty to vote for his expulsion. Bright was one of those Northern members of Congress who were bound hand and foot by their affiliations with Southern politicians. He had Presidential aspirations, and thought to further them by making himself useful to the party managers from the South. He followed in the wake of Mr. Buchanan, and bent the knee to the conspirators. The letter of introduction upon which the resolution of expulsion was based, shows how far Mr. Bright departed from the line of manly duty. After the rebels had fired on the flag, taken forts, custom houses and post offices of the United States, he gives a character to a "friend" who is desirous of selling an improvement in arms to be used against the country of which he is a Senator. He was as ready for rebel use after war had been inaugurated against the Union as he had been when they were only making war on Douglas He stood in the position of putting arms into the hands of the rebels against his country. After he had written the note to Davis, in which he addressed him

as "his Excellency," and "President of the Confederation of States," his bearing was equally antagonistic to the Union. It was not unobserved by Johnson. Sometimes we can see much more than is expressed. It is not necessary that a man's sentiments should be written in burning characters before we are able to judge what they are. "Has it not been observable all through this history where the true Union heart has stood? What was the Senator's bearing at the last session of Congress? Do we not know that in the main he stood here opposed substantially to every measure which was necessary to sustain the Government in its trial and peril. He may, perhaps," added Senator Johnson, "have voted for some measures that were collateral, remote, indirect in their bearing; but do we not know that his vote and his influence were cast against the measures which were absolutely necessary to sustain the Government in its hour of peril." Commenting on Mr. Bright's opposition to the coercion policy, Senator Johnson said:

"We may as well be honest and fair, and admit the truth of the great proposition, that a Government cannot exist-in other wordsit is no Government if it is without the power to enforce its laws and coerce obedience to them. That is all there is of it; and the very instant you take that power from this Government it is at an end; it is a mere rope of sand that will fall to pieces of its own weight. It is idle, utopian, chimerical, to talk about a Government existing without the power to enforce its laws. The Constitution says, 'that Congress shall have the power to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrection and rebel invasion,' etc.

... "Can you expect your brave men, officers and soldiers, that are now in the tented field subject to all the hardships and privations peculiar to a civil war like this, to have courage and march on with patriotism to crush treason on every battle-field, when you have not the courage to expel it from your midst? Set those brave men an example. Say to them by your acts and voice that you evidence your intention to put down traitors in the field by ejecting them from your midst without regard to former associations.

"But let us go on: let us encourage the Army and Navy;

let us vote the men and means necessary to vitalize and bring into requisition the enforcing and coercive power of the Government; let us crush out the rebellion and anxiously look forward to the dayGod grant it may come soon-when the baleful comet of fire and of blood that now hovers over this distracted people may be chased away by the benignant star of peace. Let us look forward to the time when we can take the flag of our country and nail it below the cross, and there let it wave as it waved in the olden times, and let us gather around it and inscribe for our motto, 'Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now and for ever,' and exclaim, 'Christ first, our country next !'"

He knew no party; he knew no party feelings; no past associations; no present exigency but that which threatened the Republic, and he knew them but to oppose them with all his strength. As the oldest Senator present when Johnson made his debut in the Chamber, Bright, had tendered the oath of office to him. With a high sense of that oath and the duties imposed by it, the Senator who then took it now advocated the expulsion of the Senator who administered and had since broken it. Bright, who was simply a politician, probably regarded the oath as a mere formula. Johnson, an upright patriot, received it with a conscientious sense of obligation which should guide and guard his action. This relation between Bright and Johnson in the Senate calls to mind another but of a different character. On Johnson's appearance in the House of Rep resentatives he first crossed swords with Clingman of North Carolina, and uttered the gallant defense of the Catholics referred to in a previous chapter. Both had been promoted into the Senate, and in 1860, Clingman, regarding Johnson as a probable candidate for the Presidency, spoke of him as "a gentleman whose talents and energy have enabled him to overcome the greatest obstacles, and placed him in the front rank of the statesmen of the country."

CHAPTER XVI.

JOHNSON MILITARY GOVERNOR OF TENNESSEE.

PERSECUTION of Union Men in Tennessee-Johnson Appointed Military Governor Assumes Official Duties - Obstacles in his Way - Proclamation of March 18, 1862 - Able Statement of the Position of Tennessee, Past and Present Mutual Relations between State and Federal Government - Stubbornness of the Rebel Population - The Municipal Council of Nashville Refuse to take the Oath of Allegiance - Declares the Offices Vacant Dialogue with Rebel Ladies - Military Movements Mr. S. R. Glenn's Diary of the Defense of Nashville - His Reception by Governor Johnson Intercepted Letters - Address to Ohio Troops - Vigorous Measures against Ultra Secessionists "Pouters" General Maury Banished- Reasons of A. H. Stephens for Joining the Rebels - Proclamation of Reprisal for Injuries to Unionists -- Union Mass Convention in Nashville-Governor Johnson's Address - Profound Sensation and Enthusiasm - The Governor Addresses the Blue-Coats and Butternuts at Murfreesboro'. -A Midnight Alarm The Governor "a Bait" for Morgan's Men - Spirited Speech to Michigan and Minnesota Soldiers — "Hallelujah!” - Union Meetings at Columbia and Shelbyville - Speech of a Converted Separationist - Guerilla Brutalities Narrow Escape of Johnson.

IN the latter part of 1861 and early in the spring of 1862, the rebel persecutions on Union men in East Tennessee became so oppressive that thousands of the latter were driven from the State, and obliged to seek refuge in Kentucky. Driven hurriedly from home, they could carry with them little or nothing save the clothes they wore. The inclemency of the weather incident to the season found them in the most deplorable condition-without money, without employment, and in many instances without clothing or foodrefugees from home, wandering from house to house; sick and broken down in the midst of a proud and haughty population that cared little for their persecutions at home or

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