The receiving side will provide interpreters for those lecturers for whom this is necessary.

(9) Each side may send, at its own expense, its representatives to the receiving country to familiarize themselves with the conditions of study and sojourn of its participants in these exchanges.

MEMORANDUM

on cooperation in the field of utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes between the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the State Committee of the USSR for the Utilization of Atomic Energy pursuant to the Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on exchanges in the scientific, technical, educational, cultural, and other fields in 1962-1963.

The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the State Committee of the USSR for the Utilization of Atomic Energy;

Bearing in mind the cooperation implemented to date in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy;

Desiring further expansion and development of this cooperation;

Recalling Section II (3) of the Agreement between the USA and the USSR on exchanges in the scientific, technical, educational, cultural, and other fields in 1962-1963, signed at Washington on March 8, 1962;

Have agreed upon the following arrangements and procedures for carrying out reciprocal exchanges in the course of 1963-1965;

1. EXCHANGE OF SPECIALIST VISITS

For the purpose of studying scientific and technical achievements in the field of peaceful utilization of atomic energy in the USA and the USSR, both Parties agree to conduct exchanges of visits by groups of specialists to scientific establishments in the USA and the USSR on an agreed and reciprocal basis in the following fields:

1. Nuclear power reactors, including fast neutron reactors and nuclear superheat reactors;

2. Plasma physics and controlled thermonuclear fusion;

3. Nuclear physics, physics of high- and low-energy particles;

4. Solid state physics;

5. Purification and disposal of radioactive waste products;

6. The use of tracer compounds in medicine;

7. Radioneurological research;

8. Design and utilization of charged particle accelerators.

As to the production, separation, and purification of transplutonium isotopes, this question is subject to agreement in 1964.

The visits indicated above, as well as additional visits which may be agreed in these and other fields of peaceful uses of atomic energy, shall be carried out in accordance with the following procedures:

(a) The specific dates and duration of visits, composition of groups, list of facilities to be visited, as well as the specific field of activity contemplated by each Side for each exchange of visits, shall be agreed upon between the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the State Committee of the USSR for the Utilization of Atomic Energy, and confirmed through diplomatic channels. However, each group of specialists from either Side will consist of up to ten (10) persons and the length of each visit will be from 10 to 15 days.

(b) In all cases the sending country will pay the subsistence, lodging, transportation, and other expenses of its scientists and personnel accompanying them to their destination and return, as well as within the host country. The host country will be responsible for making suitable arrangements such as hotel accommodation and travel, and for providing necessary interpreters.

(c) This Memorandum should not be construed to cover principles and conditions governing the participation of scientists and specialists of both countries in conferences (symposia) organized in the USA and the USSR.

(d) Agreement in regard to any exchanges under this Memorandum may be terminated by either Side on thirty days' notice.

II. EXCHANGE OF RESEARCH SPECIALISTS

The Parties agree to implement an exchange of 2-3 research specialists in each of the fields of controlled thermonuclear fusion, reactor techniques, and the physics of high-energy particles to gain practical experience and to study the performance of operating thermonuclear installations and apparatus, reactors and accelerators in the USA and the USSR for a term of not over one year. This term shall be determined by agreement in each separate case.

III. EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION

The Parties agree to exchange scientific information on a reciprocal basis by means of sending unclassified documents (books, monographs, and preprints) on current work concerned with the peaceful uses of atomic energy. The Parties shall each provide the other each month ten (10) new documents (2 copies each) starting from the month following signing of this Memorandum until the end of the term of this Memorandum. Initially, the exchange of documents would be in the areas in which the Parties agree to exchange visits. The number of documents to be exchanged and the list of areas of exchanges may be increased by agreement.

The Parties also agree to exchange doctoral dissertations in the fields of highenergy physics, nuclear physics, solid state physics, controlled thermonuclear fusion, and the use of tracer compounds in medicine. Initially, the Parties agree to exchange forty (40) such suitable dissertations (2 copies each) on current work, provided that this number may be increased by mutual agreement. In this connection the Parties have agreed that the dissertations sent by the State Committee of the USSR for the Utilization of Atomic Energy shall consist of dissertations for the degree of candidate of science as well as doctor of science. In order that the International Atomic Energy Agency and its members may fully benefit from this cooperation, the reports and other documents which the Parties to the agreement will exchange will also be transmitted to the Agency.

IV. HOLDING JOINT CONFERENCES AND DISCUSSING RESEARCH ON SPECIFIC
SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS

The Parties agree to hold joint conferences of specialists of both countries to discuss works on low-energy nuclear physics (in the Soviet Union) and on purification of liquid radioactive wastes from power and research reactors and radiochemical laboratories, and solidification and disposal of radioactive wastes (in the United States). The scheduling of conferences and the number of participants shall be agreed upon later.

V. EXCHANGE OF INSTRUMENTS

The Parties will consider the possibility of making available to each other scientific instruments on agreed terms and on a reciprocal basis. Such arrangements will proceed only to the extent mutually agreed upon and permissible under the laws and export policies of the respective countries.

The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the State Committee of the USSR for the Utilization of Atomic Energy may, from time to time, come to agreement on additional proposals which will be subject to approval by both sides.

This Memorandum shall enter into force on the date of its signature and shall thereupon replace the Memorandum on cooperation between the USA and the USSR in the field of the utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, signed at Washington on November 24, 1959.

This Memorandum shall continue in force for the years 1963-1965, provided that its continuation beyond 1963 shall be subject to the anticipated renewal of the existing intergovernmental agreement on exchanges.

Done at Moscow on May 21, 1963, in duplicate in the English and Russian languages) both texts being authentic and having equal force.

For the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission

For the State Committee of the USSR for the Utilization of Atomic Energy.

Following is a statement issued in Palm Springs, California, on February 22, 1964, concerning the United States-U.S.S.R. Agreement on Exchanges for 1964-65: "The Secretary of State is pleased that this morning in Moscow the American Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Foy D. Kohler, and the Chairman of the Soviet State Committee for Cultural Relations, S. K. Romanovsky, have signed the fourth cultural Exchanges Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union.

"The new Agreement is based on the successful experience of the past six years and continues a trend of expanded and increasingly useful exchanges in a variety of fields including the arts, sciences, technology, and education. "The exchanges program in fact has been one in which continuous and coordinated efforts between the Governments of the United States and the Soviet Union have been very constructive. And, it is the Secretary's hope that this mutually advantageous arrangement will continue, for he strongly believes that greater Soviet knowledge of the United States and increased American familiarity with the Soviet Union are bound to contribute to better understanding and improved relations between the two countries."

Following is the text of Ambassador Foy D. Kohler's remarks upon signing in Moscow February 22, on behalf of the United States, the Agreement on Exchanges with the U.S.S.R. in 1964-65:

"It is a particular pleasure for me to sign, on behalf of the United States, this new Agreement on Exchanges in the Scientific, Technical, Educational, Cultural, and Other Fields for the years 1964 and 1965. This new Agreement represents a continuance and expansion of the important program of American-Soviet exchanges which has been maintained since the first Agreement was signed in January 1958.

"Negotiations, which have led to this Agreement, have taken place in Moscow, from January 7th until today. The very length of the negotiations-forty-six days-reflects the complexity of the problems considered in the various fields of exchanges; as well as the differences in systems and methods in carrying out exchanges and visits between the two countries. Compromises were found to bridge the differences of approaches and we consider that the present Agreement represents a satisfactory coordination, under present circumstances, of these differences.

“This work has been carried out in a friendly, businesslike atmosphere and it is a source of mutual congratulations that the negotiations have come to a successful conclusion. I want to express my appreciation to Mr. Romanovsky and his colleagues for their assistance in this mutual effort. We believe that this Agreement, which recognizes the principles of reciprocity and mutual advantage, provides the basis for balanced, increased exchanges during the next two years. While we believe this new Agreement represents a measure of progress over the previous exchanges Agreement, we look forward, in subsequent agreements, to further and more substantial progress. We look forward to our goal of a more normal movement of information and persons between our two countries.

"I would like to emphasize that travel between the United States and the Soviet Union is not and should not be limited to any officially sponsored exchanges program. There are ample opportunities for tourist travel, providing person-to-person contact, and we hope that the present modest number of Soviet tourists coming to the United States will substantially increase. As you know, the United States abolished, in July 1962, closed areas for Soviet citizens coming to the United States under the exchanges program or as tourists.

"Negotiations held at the same time have led to Agreements between the National Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., as well as between the American Council of Learned Societies and the Soviet Academy, providing for the continuance of exchanges and visits between American and Soviet scholars and scientists for 1964 and 1965. These Agreements will become effective when approved by the governing bodies of these institutions.

"The President, the Secretary of State, and the American public encourage and support a mutually advantageous exchanges program with the Soviet Union. I am glad to testify to the usefullness of this program. We all look forward to two more years of even more valuable exchanges, including a broader flow of information, which will contribute to the betterment of relations between our two countries."

EXHIBIT II

UNITED STATES-U.S.S.R. EXCHANGES PROGRAM

(Statement prepared by the Department of State)

BACKGROUND

The fourth in a series of two-year Agreements on Exchanges with the Soviet Union was signed in Moscow by U.S. Ambassador Foy D. Kohler on February 22, 1964. The U.S.S.R. is the only country in the world with which the United States conducts cultural, educational, scientific, and technical exchanges by means of comprehensive, formal intergovernmental agreement.

The first agreement in the series, sometimes called the Lacy-Zarubin Agreement after its signers, was concluded in Washington on January 27, 1958, and covered the years 1958 and 1959. Subsequent agreements, negotiated alternately in Moscow and Washington, covered the two-year periods 1960-61 and 1962-63. The current agreement is valid for 1964 and 1965. Cultural, in the broad sense of the word, these agreements have a wide range of human activity: the fields of science, technology and industry, agriculture, medicine, education and scholarly research, motion pictures, performing arts, culture and art, the professions, informational media, sports, and tourism.

By the end of 1963, according to records of the Department of State, 5,495 Americans had traveled to the U.S.S.R. as the result of 520 exchanges projects, and 4,646 Soviet citizens had come to the United States under 550 exchanges projects. During this six-year period, the annual level of exchanges rose slightly, but the number of persons involved fluctuated from year to year, from a minimum of approximately 500 persons to a maximum of approximately 1,000 persons traveling in each direction. These figures, however, cover only exchanges arranged for under the several agreements, but not tourism which varied during the same period between an estimated 8,000 to 12,000 Americans annually going to the Soviet Union and from 77 to 450 Soviet citizens annually coming to the United States.

Since 1955, exchanges with the U.S.S.R. have enjoyed the support and encouragement of three administrations, those of Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson. Both American and Soviet national leaders have, on various occasions, made favorable public references to the program of United StatesU.S.S.R. exchanges, probably with somewhat different or overlapping purposes and objectives in mind but, nevertheless, in recognition of mutual advantage from the program.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Since the internal systems and external policies of the United States and the U.S.S.R. differ radically, it is to be expected that the goals and methods of the two countries in a program of bilateral exchanges are considerably at variance. Soviet society, which, under Stalin, was virtually sealed off against unwanted foreign influence, remains largely a closed and controlled one despite perceptible influences for change from within and without. U.S. society is open. In deciding to engage in a program of exchanges with the United States over six years ago, Soviet leaders knowingly accepted the calculated risk of complicating their tasks in the field of internal control. Although, in any real sense, "private" exchanges with the Soviet Union are still impossible, acceptance of the principle and practice of exchanges has obliged the U.S.S.R. to adopt at least a permissive attitude towards a degree of direct personal, professional, and scholarly contacts with Soviet citizens and groups. The United States has, at the same time, insisted on a balanced program of exchanges with reciprocal opportunity and mutual advantage in all areas, and has been able, in the main, to carry out successful exchanges in fields outside primary Soviet interest.