posts-Embassies, Legations, Missions, Consulates General, Consulates, and Special Offices can be reached telegraphically. The efficiency of the service varies from minutes to days depending upon the post concerned and the facilities it uses. As in the case of the courier system, the Department of State provides service to many Government departments and agencies. Telegrams fall into a number of categories. Official traffic which is unclassified can be transmitted as soon as necessary numbering and control procedures have been accomplished. Official classified traffic must be encoded or enciphered prior to transmission in order to insure the secrecy of the information in transit between the originator and the addressee or addressees.

L. The transmission of telegrams is accomplished through U.S. Government or through commercial facilities. Approximately onequarter of posts of all levels (most of which are Embassies) have access to U.S. Government terminals. These are highly reliable since they do not depend basically upon the momentary attitudes and actions of local government officials in the country concerned. Many provide real economies to the U.S. Government in contrast to costs of equivalent service through commercial means. Over 200 posts are dependent upon commerical transmission facilities. Of these, approximately 50 have high traffic volumes or require hours of service which make economical or efficient the leasing of channels. The remainder, including Moscow, are dependent upon commercial telegram filing similar to familiar private or commercial methods common in the United States. All commercial facilities are subject to local government controls. In addition, hours of operation in many places are quite limited even under normal conditions. In Africa, for example, our Embassies at Fort Lamy, Bangui, Libreville, Lome, and Luanda are totally dependent upon commercial telegraph facilities which are completely closed during the night. In Fort Lamy, for instance, the only available transmission facilities are closed from Sunday noon until Monday morning and no telegram, regardless of importance, can be sent. Under abnormal conditions, such as local political crises, it is common for commercial facilities to be closed down or to be subjected to censorship. The recent troubles in Zanzibar and Libreville are examples. In each instance, normal communications between the Department and the post were first cut and then reestablished although at first for plain language messages only.

M. Equipment used overseas for transmitting telegrams and/or preparing them for transmission is largely subject to the same age problems as is true of coding systems. Much of it must be replaced as no longer economical to maintain. In fact, the manufacturer has terminated production of spare parts for one series on which many posts are now dependent. In addition, with traffic volumes consistently increasing, it is important to increase the speed of equipment operation-the Department is currently planning to upgrade from 40 to 60 to 100 words per minute and to utilize machines in lieu of consistently increased staffs at major communications concentration points. In the main communications center in Washington, limited automation was installed in July 1960 for handling outgoing telegrams. The machine involved is capable of accepting multiple-addressed messages, selecting appropriate channels, holding in storage if any are busy and providing certain data for billing purposes. In

the fall of 1963, a computer controlled system was installed in the Paris Embassy to replace an earlier manually controlled machine. This system performs most functions automatically, controlling 24 individual correspondent circuits. Through it the traffic for most of Europe and much destined for the Near East and Africa passesvolumes which would otherwise necessitate manual processing by greatly expanded staffs. Requirements for increased speed of handling larger volumes of telegrams make it mandatory to update and further automate the Washington communications center utilizing computer techniques. Action to that end has been initiated with, implementation dependent upon availability of funds.

N. The organization and management of Department of State communications was completely altered early in the calendar year 1963 with the creation of an Office of Communications. Assigned to it were the personnel and functions of superseded Cryptography Staff and the Diplomatic Communications Service. The new Office is responsible for planning and directing the worldwide electrical communications system, telegraphic and voice, and for the courier, mail, and diplomatic pouch operations domestically and overseas. To permit it to respond to increased emphasis on modernizing the Department's system, additional technical personnel are needed at all levels, for assignment overseas and to the Department itself. New equipment and systems are much more complex and demand higher levels of technical skills than those in use at present.

O. The Department of State is participating as one of the principal Operating Agencies in the National Communications System (Federal Register, Aug. 28, 1963). Its long-haul system is a part of the national system and its terminal facilities in Washington and at oversea posts are key elements in the execution of top-level national policy actions. One senior staff officer has been designated as a full-time representative at the NCS Headquarters. The present and prospective workload points to additional full-time staff. Required flushing out of these needs is dependent upon availability of positions and personnel possessing the required level of technical competence. The future budgeting of NCS requirements is perhaps the most important problem which requires resolution.

P. In summary, during the post-World War II period, the Department has not been able to apply adequate funds to keep its communications system abreast of increasing needs and new technical advances. As equipment aged without replacement and telegram volumes grew, the system became increasingly sensitive to overloading. In the fall of 1962 the full pressure of the Cuban crisis overwhelmed the technical capabilities then available leading to the initiation of basic and sweeping improvement in planning and action. A start has been made; much more remains to be done. Ultimate success is dependent upon availability of funds for the purchase of equipment and facilities and positions and funds for necessary personnel to manage, maintain, and operate it at acceptable levels of speed, economy, and reliability.

APPENDIX

EXHIBIT I

AGREEMENT ON EXCHANGES WITH THE U.S.S.R.

1964-65

The text of the Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on Exchanges in the Scientific, Technical, Educational, Cultural, and Other Fields in 1964-1965, which was signed at noon (4:00 A.M., E.S.T.) on February 22, 1964 in Moscow, is contained in the following pages.

Foy D. Kohler, American Ambassador to the U.S.S.R., signed for the United States. S. K. Romanovsky, Chairman of the State Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, signed for the U.S.S.R.

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON EXCHANGES IN THE SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL, EDUCATIONAL, CULTURAL, AND OTHER FIELDS IN 1964-1965

By agreement between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, delegations headed on the United States side by Foy D. Kohler, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United States of America to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and on the Soviet side by S. K. Romanovsky, Chairman of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the U.S.S.R. for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, conducted negotiations in Moscow from January 7 to February 22, 1964, with regard to exchanges between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in the scientific, technical, educational, cultural and other fields in 1964-1965. Attaching great importance to the continuance and development of exchanges in the above-mentioned fields, the United States and the Soviet Union have agreed to provide during 1964-1965 for the exchanges which are set forth in the following Sections of the present Agreement, in the hope that these exchanges will contribute significantly to the strengthening of cooperation and mutual understanding between the peoples and to the betterment of relations between the two countries.

SECTION I

GENERAL

(1) The exchanges and visits provided for herein shall be subject to the Constitution and applicable laws and regulations in force in the respective countries. (2) Both Parties, desirous of having the exchanges and visits between them take place under favorable conditions and without delay, agree that:

(a) The programs, lengths of stay, dates of arrival, financial and transportation arrangements and other details of the exchanges and visits provided for in this Agreement, except as otherwise herein stated, shall be agreed upon, as a rule, not less than thirty days in advance through diplomatic channels or between appropriate organizations requested by the Parties to carry out these exchanges;

(b) Applications for visas for members of delegations, groups or individuals shall be submitted, as a rule, not less than twenty days before the estimated time of departure;

(c) Each of the Parties, at its discretion, shall have the right to include in delegations interpreters or members of its Embassy, who shall be considered as within the agreed total membership of such delegations;

(d) Unless otherwise provided for in this Agreement, and except where other specific arrangements have been mutually agreed upon, visiting dele

gations and individual visitors under the Agreement shall arrange to pay their own expenses, including international travel, internal travel and direct costs of maintenance in the receiving country.

(3) The exchanges and visits enumerated in the following Sections are not intended to be exclusive of other visits and exchanges which may be arranged by the two countries or undertaken by their organizations or private citizens, it being understood that arrangements for additional visits and exchanges, as appropriate, will be facilitated by prior agreement through diplomatic channels or between appropriate organizations.

SECTION II

SCIENTIFIC EXCHANGES

(1) Both Parties will take all appropriate measures in order to encourage and achieve the fulfillment of:

(a) The Agreement between the National Academy of Sciences of the United States and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., a copy of which is appended to this Agreement as Annex No. I;

(b) The Agreement between the American Council of Learned Societies and the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., a copy of which is appended to this Agreement as Annex No. II; and

(c) The Memorandum on cooperation in the field of utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes between the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the State Committee on the Utilization of Atomic Energy of the U.S.S.R., a copy of which is appended to this Agreement as Annex No. III.

(2) Both Parties agree that additional scientific visits or exchanges may be agreed upon through diplomatic channels, between the above-mentioned organizations or between other appropriate organizations whose participation in these additional visits and exchanges is approved by the Parties.

Such visits or exchanges, whether for the purpose of participating in scientifle meetings, exchanges of experience, conducting studies or delivering lectures, shall take place as far as possible on a reciprocal basis.

SECTION III

EXCHANGES IN THE FIELDS OF TECHNOLOGY,

SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL RESEARCH,

INDUSTRY, TRANSPORT AND CONSTRUCTION

Both Parties agree to provide for exchanges of delegations of five to six persons, which number may be increased by mutual agreement, for periods of three to four weeks for the purpose of familiarization and exchange of experience in the following fields:

(1) Oceanography: Visits to institutes and laboratories for the study of oceanographic research techniques and their application to current research problems;

(2) Petroleum Geophysics: Study of geophysical methods and equipment used for oil and gas exploration and prospecting, including visits to laboratories and oil fields;

(3) Metallurgy: Smelting of ferrous metals, production of hot and cold rolled steel, pipes, and metal products and products of heat-resisting alloys, including visits to research centers for study of scientific methods in the metallurgical industry and thermomechanical processing;

(4) Ore-enriching and Metallurgical Equipment: Organization of production of spare parts and system of maintenance and repair of ore-enriching and metallurgical equipment;

(5) Aluminum Industry: Production of aluminum and its alloys, mechanization and automation of the electrolysis process, mining and processing of aluminous ores (bauxite and nephaline) and manufacture of alumina ;

(6) Machine Tools: Production and use of metal-cutting machine tools, including programming control, as well as study of research and development of metal-cutting machine tools;

(7) Industrial Standards and Norms: Study of methods of establishing standards and norms in industrial production, visits to industries and laboratories to observe the application of standards and norms to industrial production;