Notes on Books. being alien to the love of God, were the beginning of the work of redemption, consummated by the advent of the Redeemer. Without recognition of this, it is impossible to set in its right place the quasi-secular side of medieval work. An Account of Medieval Figure-Sculpture in England. By Edward S. Prior and Arthur Gardner. (Cambridge University Press.) OUR authors reckon that scarcely 1 per cent of the English figure-sculpture of the Middle Ages has come down to us. What remains of it, having through remote position or some other happy chance survived the iconoclastic frenzy of the sixteenth century, affords but a fragmentary illustration of its development, or of the character-tenth centuries, is of a separate origin, coming from istics of its separate schools. Yet the fragments are those of a splendid and individual tradition, and, seeing how imperfectly in general they are known or understood, this magnificent volume, with its 855 photographs and its careful and vigorous text, should receive such a welcome and such attention as only a handful of books in a lustrum can justly lay claim to. The arrangement of the subject-matter is excellent. Book I. deals broadly with the materials and subjects of medieval sculpture, and with the personality of the nameless comentarii who were the sculptors. The word "mediæval" here covers the period from 1130 to 1530, within which time the fifty years from 1250 to 1300 constitute the golden age, when spiritual beauty of intention was seconded by the utmost perfection of technique, free as yet from luxury, pedantry, or selfseeking. The unswerving reference of this sculpture when at its best, not to some separate end, but to the integrity and adornment of the building to which it belonged, and the reference again of that to a system of ideas which possessed and unified the whole of the Occidental life of the time, make of Gothic figure-sculpture, as the authors truly observe, a creation of style that was an event in the life of humanity." We are grateful for the section at the beginning of the work on The Preservation of Medieval Sculpture.' This unique inheritance, already much impaired by destruction and ignorant "restoration," stands in danger of further diminution. Details of ruthless carelessness are given which have come under the writers' notice within the last few years. 66 We The function of painting and sculpture, as means of instruction and edification when books were expensive and reading rare, is sufficiently well known; yet there is something to pause and reflect on in the fact that the ecclesiastic who determined on such or such a subject could rely-in the uneducated public-on a knowledge of attributes and symbols such as is, in some cases, beyond the power even of the archæologist to recover. venture to think that the authors of the book are themselves somewhat too slightly equipped for interpretation on the side of liturgiology and kindred matters. To give one instance, which yet implies a good deal, they speak of the chasuble as an apron-like vestment On the other hand, their treatment of the "nature" themes and the "anecdotal" sculptures strikes us as both happy and well-informed; and they bring out effectively the medieval theory, perhaps insufficiently appreciated, that the arts and sciences, so far from Book II., in its twelve sections, deals in detail with the long array of works of sculpture, from the Anglian Crosses onwards, leaving only aside for treatment in Book III. the monumental effigy. The authors consider that the Saxon sculpture, of which the Bewcastle Cross is the most signal example, is to be derived, principally through Wilfrid, from the work of Byzantium; and argue that the Gosforth Cross, with the other work which must be attributed to the ninth and the imagination and craftsmanship of the Vikings. Yet again, belonging to a date a century or so later, we have evidence of another line of development, a Saxon sculpture of Southern England which drew its inspiration from the illuminations and goldsmiths' work of the monasteries. The chapter which deals with these three schools is one of the most interesting in the whole volume; and it should play a good part in dissipating the popular misconception according to which the Norman conqueror introduced art to a people which had known nothing hitherto but the roughest and most barbarous exhibitions of artistic faculty. It is here contended that while the Conquest opened up an era of great enthusiasm for building, and brought English sculpture into its happy close connexion with architecture, it had no effect on English style, which developed onwards to its "Norman characteristics from the Irish-Viking tradition, the second of those noted above. The argument is set out and illustrated in some good pages on early Tympanum sculpture. Excellent again are the sections setting forth the influence of the craft of the painters and metal-workers upon the AngloNorman workers in stone. The volume reaches its culminating point of interest in the chapters on the architectural carving of what it is proposed to call the First Gothic Period, i.e., from 1200 to 1280. This study, naturally, is centred in the Angel Choir at Lincoln, in the Westminster transepts, and the Wells front. These are here most closely and carefully analyzed and described; and the rash "historic expert quoted on p. 108, who declares that "in ..sculpture....even architecture, Britain will hardly go down to the ages alongside of some other nations-nor were the plastic or pictorial arts ever really popular," might well convert himself to a better opinion by spending half a day in the contemplation of the photographs belonging to these chapters. Both their characteristic English" quality and, in the finest examples, the astonishing spiritual affinity with the highest work of Greek sculpture are very properly dwelt upon, though any direct influence from the Greek, which some students are inclined to surmise, is, in our opinion, quite rightly rejected. It was surely in part a likeness of conditions, in part a likeness in the common conception of the relations between the visible and the invisible world, which produced this likeness in expression. Greek or Gothic, these statues seem to stand as enduring witness against the arch-heresy of "art for art's sake," whose beginning is materialism and its end pedantry. his own work. The Burlington Magazine begins 1913 with articles of more than usual interest. Mr. Whitley -after long and laborious search-has discovered, principally in the journals of the time, but also in some MS. notes, references to the lectures on Perspective given by Turner as professor, and here for the first time all the information available is set out. Yet another discovery of high interest is communicated by Mr. W. Grant Keith in Some Hitherto Unknown Drawings by Inigo Jones.' These had lain perdus among the architectural drawings which James Gibbs, upon his death in 1754, bequeathed to the Radcliffe at Oxford, and which had not hitherto been closely examined, being supposed to be all Mr. Ananda K. Coomaraswamy; in dealing with Indian Images with Many Arms, has a subject full of curious and profound interest, upon which every lover of art must desire better instruction. While grateful to him for what he here furnishes, we wish he had taken up more space in imparting knowledge, and less in somewhat peevish castigations and assertions which, however true, he leaves unsupported. Mr. Clive Bell's paper on Post-Impressionism and Esthetics' is a delightful piece of writing, chiefly valuable for the end paragraphs, without which one term of his explanation of the essential in art, significant form," would carry no sense. The mystical relation between the real and the visible which it is the raison d'être of art to illustrate needs teaching, and is, perhaps, most effectively taught in this fugitive way, as if a mere addendum to a main theme. Three good series of papers are carried on to their second number: Dr. Schubring's study of cassoni panels in English private collections; M. A. J. Wauters's 'Roger van der Weyden'; and the very interesting and well-illustrated discussion of the 'Psychostasis in Christian Art,' by Mary Phillips Perry. WE have received with pleasure from Mr. Hilary Jenkinson of the Public Record Office, Hon. Secretary of the Surrey Archæological Society, the announcement that it is proposed to found a Surrey Record Society. The promoters of the scheme urge with justice that, from the point of view both of security and utility, the printing and indexing of the wealth of documentary evidence amassed alike in the Public Record Office and in private hands is an immediate and important need. Experience has already proved how much excellent service, supplementary to the Government work of the publication of records, may be privately rendered by the common local interest of the several counties; and the fine list of documents proposed for publication if the Society should be formed justifies our expecting great things from Surrey in this matter. The Society will be based upon a 10s. yearly subscription (with an entrance fee of 10s.), with, in return, at least one volume annually. If a sufficient number of names are sent in as willing to subscribe, a public meeting will be held in London to organize the Society. We are glad to note that a good preliminary list has already been obtained. WE learn with pleasure that our correspondent Dr. J. Willcock is about to publish a 'Life of Sir Henry Vane the Younger-in this, the tercentenary year of his hero's birth. The younger Vane, though perhaps a shadowy figure to the general reader, is one well worth close study, whether the point of view be that of an interest in the circumstances of his life or of an interest in the curiosities of human nature. We understand that the volume-which runs to some 400 pp.-includes as an appendix documents, now printed for the first time, relating to an obscure plot in 1659 to entrap Charles II. REFERRING to the review of PROF. SKEAT'S Science of Etymology,' which appeared at p. 498 ANSCOMBE kindly writes to inform us that PROV. of our last volume, our correspondent Mr. ALFRED SKEAT was engaged in the preparation of a volumeon The Place-Names of Suffolk' also. On May 18, inviting from MR. ANSCOMBE an expression of opinion on "Hoxne," he wrote: "I am doing all the Suffolk place-names, 469 in number. I have got out at least 450 with almost complete safety, or with very high probability. Only a few are in doubt." On May 22 he wrote that he was finishing humour he said he hoped there was not a singlehis Science of Etymology,' and with characteristic new statement in the book! BOOKSELLERS' CATALOGUES.-JANUARY. CATALOGUE No. 202, sent us by Mr. William Brown of Edinburgh, contains a number of interesting first editions, among them Butler's Hudibras,' all the three parts as they succes-sively appeared in 1663, 1664, 1678, 257.; Carlyle's Sartor Resartus,' as it was first privately reprinted for his friends from Fraser's Magazine, 1834, 167. 168.; Cowper's two volumes of Poems,' the first published in 1782, the second, containing The Task,' John Gilpin,' and other works, in 1785, 11l. 158.; Keats's 'Lamia,'' Isabella,' &c., 1820, in the original boards and uncut, having its paper label on the back and the eight pages of advertisements, 587. 108.; and the first edition of Florio's Montaigne,' 1603, 681. Blair's Grave,' with the twelve etchings from Blake's designs (1808), and Blake's illustrations of the Book of Job (1825), from Sir Theodore Martin's library,. are to be sold together for 301. There are eight books with Cruikshank illustrations: the most costly, if not in itself the most interesting, is the Egan's Life in London,' for which 651. is asked. Nisbet's System of Heraldry' in the 1816 edition costs 61. 158.; and the Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland, by the Four Masters, from the Earliest Period to 1616, edited, with translation and notes, by J. O'Donovan, 1856, 127. 128. We noticed two attractive sets of Japanese drawings, collections and designs for tailoring or dressmaking on twenty-three double leaves of thin paper, intended evidently for embroidery, and on every page. They with the artist's name belong apparently to the eighteenth century, and for the better the price is 428., for the other 30s. We may mention also a copy of Mr. Forbes's edition of the ancient Irish Missale Drummondiense,' 17. 58. ; a copy of Dresser and Sharpe's History of the Birds of Europe,' including all the species inhabiting the Western Palearctic Region, 1871-96, 57. 10s.; Pergolesi's Original Designs of Vases, Figures, &c.,' 1777-92, 211.; and a copy of Coryat's Crudities,' 1776, 31. 158. At the end of the Catalogue is a list of engraved portraits which contains several very interesting: items. · MR. JAMES G. COMMIN of Exeter has sent us the list of Topographical Works relating to the British Isles which forms his Catalogue 289. Under the heading General Topography' we observed several good books, such, for instance, as a copy of Leland's Itinerary,' 1710, i.e., the first edition, offered for 31. 158., and the Lysons's 'Magna Britannia,' bound in 8 vols., 1806-22, 121. 12s. For 5l. may be had Speed's Theatre in the first (1611) edition. Coming to the separate counties, we find that there are a good copy of the original (1819) edition of Ormerod's History of the County Palatine and City of Chester,' 91.; Polwhele's History of Cornwall,' 1803-8, 5l.; Crabbe's Account of the Monumental Brasses remaining in the Churches of the County of Devon,' which is offered for 31. 108. ; a Hutchins's History and Antiquities....of Dorset,' best edition, priced 117. 118.; and a "best edition copy of Wood's Athene Oxonienses,' with the addition by Bliss, 1813-20-two copies, the better 61. 158., the other 47. 15s. Nor must we forget to mention that Harris's History of Kent,' 1719, is here offered for 5l., and Hasted's History and Topographical Survey of Kent' for 81. 88. MR. FRANCIS EDWARDS has sent us his Catalogue of the Geographical Library of Mr. E. G. Ravenstein, which contains a large number of valuable and instructive works in English, German, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and other languages. There are a copy of Servetus's edition of Ptolemy's Geographicæ enarrationis, Libri VIII.,' 1535, 67. 108.; the Asia Portuguesa' of Faria y Sousa, 1666-75, 57.; Cavazzi's Istorica Descrizione de tre Regni Congo, Matamba et Angola ..e delle Missioni Apostoliche esercitateni da Religiosi Capucini,' a folio, vellum, Bologna, 1687, 27. 10s.; Ogilby's 'Africa: Description of the Regions of Egypt, Barbary, Lygia, and Billedulgeria,' &c., 1670, 31.; Herrera's Historia general de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y Tierra Firma del Mar Oceano,' Madrid, 1730, 107.; and two particularly good items under the heading of Collection of Voyages: a black-letter Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations,' 1599-1600, 207.; and Purchas's Hakluytus Posthumus,' otherwise Purchas his Pilgrimes,' in 5 vols., folio, having the genuine engraved title to the first volume and the rare maps, 1625-6, 701. We may also mention that for 501. is offered Christopher Saxton's Collection of Maps of England and Wales,' which is dated 1573-9, and consists of 35 folding coloured maps, folding plates of arms, catalogues of counties, and a frontispiece of a portrait of Queen Elizabeth, beneath which are eight Latin lines. IN Messrs. Maggs's Catalogue 299 of Autograph Letters we noticed an interesting letter of Tolstoi's, to be had for 61. 68., addressed in 1907 to one Ivan Fyodorovitch, promising to send money to two prisoners. There are two of Voltaire's letters; three or four of Thackeray's, as well as a pen-and-ink drawing of his coat of arms, with a note below (267.); a letter of Steele's ; a good one not yet published of Stevenson's; and a collection of 24 letters, some of which contain drawings by Pugin. 1857. is the price of a collection of " souvenirs," i.e., an autograph letter of each and a miniature of Beethoven, Mendelssohn, and Wagner, a curious trio. They are contained in a sumptuously bound volume, which has also some illuminated pages of biographical notes. We may also mention a letter by Madame de Maintenon, apparently to one of the sisters at St. Cyr, of unusual intrinsic value, 12. 128. ; a letter of Charles Lamb's to Serjeant Talfourd, 187. 188.; a letter written by Heine from Paris to Campe, librarian at Hamburg, 1854, 81. 88.; two great seals, Henry VIII.'s, 1544, 15l. 158., and Elizabeth's, 1595, 107. 108.; and letters of Byron's, the one dated April 12th, 1822, to Capt. Hay, 127. 108.; the other from St. James's, 3 Dec., 1813, on the subject of 'The Giaour,' 311. 108. a MESSRS. SOTHERAN'S Catalogue 730 gives us a well claim the attention of those who are interested Bibliotheca Criminalis et Juridica' which may in criminology and the light which it throws on civilization. Most of the items are within the the most expensive that we noticed are a Collecreach of purses moderately supplied; in fact, tion of Seventy-four Interesting Trials for Murder, High Treason, &c.,' 80 vols., 1770-1865, 127. 128.; Informations, Speeches, Confessions, Broadsides, Large Collection of the Perjured Narratives, Trials, &c., relative to the Popish Plot,' 150 pieces in 5 vols., folio, 1678-86, 217.; and The Grand Pyrate: the Life and Death of Capt. George Cusack, the great Sea-Robber,' 1675-6, 71. 78. These items, however, seem to us by no means more interesting than many others offered for a pound or two, in some cases for shillings. Thus, with English and French on opposite pages, there are the original pieces relating to the trial of Calas; the trial of the Wicked" Lord Byron, the poet's great-uncle, for killing William Chaworth; some score of papers relating to Eliznbeth Canning; the proceedings-printed for Elizabeth Cellier-connected with her accusation of complicity in what was known as the "Mealtub Plot," and her deliverance, under the title of Malice Defeated'; the trial of Mary Ann Clarke ("with pensive and comely folding portrait front.") with the Wrights for conspiracy against Col. Wardle; and the report of the important Yelverton marriage case, which brought on the muchneeded reform in regard to the validity of the Scotch and Irish marriage laws. There are several interesting newspaper libel actions, of which we may mention that against John Magee of The Dublin Evening Post for publishing a review of the Duke of Richmond's Irish administration, in which Daniel O'Connell was counsel for the defence (1813); and that of Hodgson against John Walter in 1821 for trade defamation, when The Times lost its case. Notices to Correspondents. ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately, nor can we advise correspondents as to the value of old books and other objects or as to the means of disposing of them. E. WILSON DOBBS.-Many thanks. was answered at 11 S. vi. 355. A. C. C.-Forwarded. The query LONDON, SATURDAY, JANUARY 18, 1913. CONTENTS.-No. 160.⚫ NOTES:-Primero, 41-A Justification of King John, 43- London-Fisher Family, 51-" Dander "-To be "out" for a Thing-"Notch," 52-Cawthorne-Campden House -Symbolism of the Pentalpha-A Memory Game, 53-No Twin ever Famous "Curzo"-"Tamson's Mear (Mare)" -Sir John Greville of Binton-'Ian Roy'-T. Chippendale, Upholsterer, 54- History of Churches in Situ"Apium," 55-First Folio Shakespeare-"Of sorts," 56 The Inquisition in Fiction and Drama Berrysfield Monuments at Warwick Queen Elizabeth and Richard II.-General Beatson and the Crimean War, 57 -Hampden Surname - William Dargan, 58. NOTES ON BOOKS:-'Cardinal Manning, and Other EssaysThe Lost Language of Symbolism-The Story of Architecture in Oxford Stone'- Burke's Peerage.' Notices to Correspondents. Notes. PRIMERO. (See ante, pp. 1, 23.) It is evident from all the foregoing accounts that Primero belongs to the same family of games as Post - and - Pair, Brag, Poker, &c., and no doubt it was their progenitor. Their principle is staking upon hands (or cards), which are classed and valued by particular rules, instead of playing the cards composing the hands in tricks. Consequently these games belong to the gambling class. It is not meant thereby that judgment and skill to a considerable extent may not be exercised in playing the games, but that from their nature the main feature was the staking of money. An investigation of the same details demonstrates that the game of Primero was played in a variety of ways. Two of these varieties are markedly distinct: one being played with a larger pack (called Great Primero), in which each player generally received a hand of six cards; and the other with a smaller pack (called Little Primero), in which the original hands were four cards. The latter apparently was the older game. The pack in the oldest version without doubt consisted of twenty-eight cards, the Ace to Seven of each suit, being the Hombre pack with the Court cards rejected. Sometimes a Knave was added, which acted like the Joker of the present day, in being allowed to represent any card its holder desired. However, we find in very old accounts the Hombre pack being used too, and also the full pack. Any number of players that the pack would accommodate could play, but the most usual set was four. Before play was commenced the amounts of the Stake and the Rest were settled, the latter being always the higher sum. At the beginning of the deal every player placed his Stake in the pool. The dealer gave out, unexposed, two cards to each player (himself included), by single cards, in two rounds. When the players had examined these cards, each in turn, commencing with the eldest, announced whether he Those who played put their played or not. Rest into the pool, and the others threw up their cards unexposed, and had no further interest in it. But if all the others passed and the dealer played, then it became a must, and every player had to play and pay in his Rest. If, however, all passed, including the dealer, the deal was at an end, and the stakes in the pool went to augment the next pool. The players respectively remaining in had the option in turn of either keeping one or both cards, or rejecting both, placing the discards in the middle of the table unexposed. The dealer accordingly supplied each player in turn with two, three, or four fresh cards unexposed, so as to make the respective players' hands up to four cards each. The vying (or betting) then commenced, beginning with the eldest. The vye usually remained a fixed sum, and the player vying placed the amount in the pool. Any player in his tura could pass, vye, or revye. A revye required the placing of an extra stake the same as the vye-in the pool. Every player had to see or equal all vyes and revyes, or re ire from the pool. Whenever all the stakes of the players remaining in became equalized, there was a show of the hands, and the hand the highest in value won the whole pool; but if all the players retired but one, that single player took the pool wi hout any regard to the value of his hand. Hands "He facithe owte at a fflusshe, with, shewe, take all.". - John Skelton's Speake Parrot (c. 1529), 424. "Item the same day [6 October, 1532] delivered to the kinges grace to play at prymero with my iiijd."— Privy Purse Expences of King Henry the lorde of Rocheford and master Bryan vli. xiijs. Eighth.' Primero "It is....lerned sooner.... ..thanne or Gleeke."-Elyot's Knowledge' (1533), Preface. belonged to three classes. The highest was called 'The Academy of Play' (1754, a Flush, being the whole hand in suit. Horr; 1768, Jessel). The next was a Prime, having its four cards of four suits. And the lowest class was Points. In the Points-and also in the other classes, to determine the exact rank of a hand in each-a Seven was value for twenty-one points, a Six for eighteen, an Ace for sixteen, a Five for fifteen, and Fours, Threes, and Twos for the pips on their faces. The highest total was the best Point hand, and also the best hand in its own class. When two or more hands were exactly equal the eldest won the pool. This most likely was the primitive method, but various additions soon crept in: Points were confined to cards in suit; a Seven, Six, and Ace in suit, reckoning fifty-five, was placed in a class by itself; DoublePa'r-Royals, and afterwards Pair-Royals, and Pairs had distinct values, &c. The deals went round in order, with new stakes, &c. were The six-card Primero had usually the Hombre pack, but sometimes the full pack was employed. The Court cards reckoned at ten points each-the others as in the four-card game; and when the complement of the cards (the Eights, Nines, and Tens) was included, they counted for the pips on their faces; ten points were always added to the Two, Three, and Four, when the Court cards were included. As a hand of six cards would render a Prime impossible, it was necessary that the players discarded two cards each from the dealt hand, in substitution for all other discarding and drawing. Ambigu, first described in the Paris Académie of 1659, is still in vogue on the Continent. It is played with a pack of forty cards, consisting of all the pip cards. The hand is four cards-two cards dealt at first, and the other proceedings are very similar to Primero as detailed above. The cards, however, count for just the pips on their faces, the classes being enlarged. The highest is a Fredon-four cards of the same kind, such as four Fives. The next is a Flush-four cards of the same suit. The next is a Tricon, such as three Twos. The next is a Sequence, three adjacent cards of the same suit, such as the Five, Six, and Seven of Clubs. The next is a Prime-four cards all of different su ts. And the lowest class is the Point, two or three cards of the same suit.* A translation of the game was published in London by Newbery in a book It will be observed that a Pair, such as two Sixes, has no value in this game. 66 Some matched themselves at a new game called Primero....Primero, now as it hath most Gilbert Walker's Manifest Detection....of Dice use in courts, so there is most deceit in it."Play' (1552). To checke at Chesse, to heave at Maw, at Macke Prime. George Turbervile's Booke of Faulconrie (1575), 77. "Our brother Westchester had as liue playe twentie nobles in a night, at Priemeero on the cards.' Hay any Work' (1589), A iij b. Playing at Cent, and at Triumph, though not so far forth as at Primero of Almaigne."-Richard Carew's J. Huarte's Examination of Men's Wits (1594). been so much gamester as to play at it."-Robert Greene's 'Tu Quoque' (1599). "Primero, why I thought thou hadst not "He hath Cardes for any kind of game, Primero, Saunt; or whatsoeuer name."-Samuel Rowlands's Letting of Hvmors Blood in the Head Vaine' (1600), iii. 58. Falstaff. I never prospered since I foreswore myself at Primero. Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor' (1600), IV. v. 66 here....would play his hundred pounds at One of them was my prentice, Mr. Quicksilver Gresco or Primero as familiarly (and all o' my purse) as any bright piece of crimson on 'em all." -Ben Jonson's (&c.) Eastward Hoe' (1605). "Deceipts practised, even in the fayrest and Trump, and such like games."-Thomas Dekker's most civil companies, at Primero, Saint, Maw, 'Belman of London' (1608), F 2. best of games Lovell. Came you from the king, my lord? With the Duke of Suffolk. Gleeke? Shakespeare's 'King Henry VIII.' (1613), V. i. |