driven mad with jealousy and rage, or rather his wits were taken from him for three months and deposited in the moon. Astolpho went to the moon in Elijah's chariot, and St. John gave him the lost wits in an urn. On reaching France, Astolpho bound the madman, held the urn to his nose, and the hero was himself again. After this, the siege of Paris by Agrimant was continued, and the Christians were wholly successful. The true hero of Ariosto's romance is Rogero, and not Orlando. In the pagan army were two heroes Rodo'mont, called the Mars of Africa, and Roge'ro. The latter became a Christian convert and the poem ends with a combat between these two, and the overthrow of Rodomont. The concluding lines are Then at full stretch he [Rogero] raised his arm above About 1589 a play (printed 1594) by Robert Greene entitled The History of Orlando Furioso was produced in England. In this version Orlando marries Angelica. Rhodes' farce Bombastes Furioso (q.v.) is a burlesque of Ariosto's romance. For further details see Charlemagne; Paladin; Roland and the entries under separate characters. Orlando's Ivory Horn. Olifant, once the property of Alexander the Great. Its bray could be heard for twenty miles. Orlando's Horse. Brigliadoro ("golden bridle "). Orlando's Sword. Durinda'na or Durandana, which once belonged to Hector. Orlando was of middling stature, broad-shouldered, crooked-legged, brown-visaged, red-bearded, and had much hair on his body. He talked but little, and had a very surly aspect, although he was perfectly goodhumoured. Cervantes: Don Quixote, II. i. 1 (1615). Orleans, The Maid of. Joan of Arc (q.v.). Ormont, Lord. See Lord Ormont and His Aminta. Ormuzd or Ahura Mazda. The principle or angel of light and good, and creator of all things, according to the Magian system. He is in perpetual conflict with Ahriman (q.v.), but in the end will triumph. The Latin form of the name is Oromasdes. Ornithology, Father of. See under Father. Oromasdes. The same as Ormuzd (q.v.). Oroono'ko, Prince. The hero of a novel by Mrs. Aphra Behn which was dramatized by Thomas Southern (1696) under the title Prince Oroonoko. Prince Oroonoko was a real character, the grandson of an African king, and the novelist became acquainted with him in Surinam in the West Indies where he had been sold as a slave. Here Oroonoko met Imoin'da, his wife, from whom he had been separated, and who he thought was dead. He headed an uprising of the slaves. whereupon the governor tried to seduce Imoinda. The result was that Imoinda killed herself, and Oroonoko slew first the governor and then himself. This is the ending of the drama; the novel ended in a different but equally tragic manner. Orpheus. A Thracian poet of Greek legend (son of Apollo and Calliope), who could move even inanimate things by his music. When his wife Eurydice (q.v.) died he went into the infernal regions, and so charmed Pluto that she was released on the condition that Orpheus would not look back till they reached the earth. He was just about to place his foot on the earth when he turned round, and Eurydice vanished from him in an instant. The prolonged grief of Orpheus at his second loss so enraged the Thracian women that in one of their Bacchanalian orgies they tore him to pieces. The fragments of his body were collected by the Muses and buried at the foot of Mount Olympus, but his head had been thrown into the river Hebrus, whither it was carried into the sea, and so to Lesbos, where it was separately interred. This story is the subject of Glück's opera Orpheus and Eurydice (Orfeo, 1762), the libretto of which is by Calzabigi. Browning has a poem Eurydice to Orpheus. Orpheus of Highwaymen. So Gay has been called on account of his Beggar's Opera (1728). Orpheus of the 18th century. Handel (1685-1759). Orpheus of the Green Isle. Furlough O'Carolan (1670-1738). Orpheus C. Kerr Papers. A series of humorous sketches by Robert Henry Newell which were published in daily newspapers during the Civil War and after (Am. 1862-1868). Orpheus C. Kerr was an insistent "office-seeker" and the sketches had to do with the affairs of a Mackerel Brigade. Orphic. Connected with Orpheus, the mysteries associated with his name, or the doctrines ascribed to him; similar to his music in magic power. Thus, Shelley says Language is a perpetual Orphic song. Of thoughts and forms, which else senseless and shape- Orsino. In Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (q.v.), the Duke of Illyria, in love with Olivia. He marries Viola. Orson. Twin brother of Valentine in the old romance, Valentine and Orson (q.r.). The twins were born in a wood near Orleans, and Orson (Fr. ourson, a little bear) was carried off by a bear, which suckled him with her cubs. When he grew up he was the terror of France, and was called the Wild Man of the Forest. He was reclaimed by Valentine, over. threw the Green Knight, and married Fezon, the daughter of Duke Savary of Aquitaine. Ortheris, Stanley. A Cockney soldier who appears in many of Kipling's stories with his pals, Terence Mulvaney (q.r.) and Jock Learoyd. He is especially prominent in Garma Hostage, The Madness of Private Ortheris and His Private Honour. Or'ville, Lord. In Fanny Burney's In Fanny Burney's Evelina (q.r.), the amiable and devoted lover of Evelina, whom she ultimately marries. He is represented as "handsome, gallant, polite, and ardent — he dressed handsomely." Osbaldistone, Rashleigh. In Scott's Rob Roy a pretended scholar who turns out to be a perfidious villain. He is killed by Rob Roy. Frank Osbaldistone. His brother, who loves and marries Di Vernon. Osborne, Mr. In Thackeray's Vanity Fair (q.r.), a hard, money-loving, purseproud, wealthy London merchant, whose only gospel was that "according to Mammon." Captain George Osborne. Son of the merchant; selfish, vain, extravagant, and self-indulgent. He was engaged to Amelia Sedley while her father was in prosperity, and Captain Dobbin induced him to marry her after the father was make a bankrupt. Happily, George fell on the field of Waterloo, or one would never vouch for his conjugal fidelity. O'Shanter, Tam. See Tam O'Shanter. O'Shaughnessy, Arthur Edward (18441881). English poet. Osi'ris. One of the chief gods of Egyptian mythology: judge of the dead, ruler of the kingdom of ghosts, the Creator, the god of the Nile, and the constant foe of his brother (or son), Set, the principle of evil. He was the husband of Isis (q..), and represents the setting sun (cp. Ra). He was slain, but came to life again and was revenged by Horus and Thoth. was usually depicted as a mummy wearing The name means Many-eyed. Osiris the crown of Upper Egypt, but sometimes as an ox. Oslerize. To regard a man as of little use or force him into retirement after he has passed the prime of life. The word was derived from a remark of the distinguished surgeon Dr. (later Sir) William Osler (1849-1919) in his address on leaving Johns Hopkins University for England. In this address, which was seized upon referred to "the comparative uselessness by the press and greatly distorted, he of men over forty years of age" and said that if their discoveries were subtracted from the sum of human achievement, it would make little difference to progress. Osmond, Gilbert. In James' Portrait of a Lady (q.r.), the dilettante whom Isabel Archer married. Osrick. In Shakespeare's Hamlet, a court fop, contemptible for his affectation and finical dandyism. He is made umpire by Claudius, when Laertes and Hamlet fight their duel. Ossa. Heaping Pe'lion upon Ossa. See Pelion. Ossian (Oisin). The legendary Gaelic bard and warrior of about the end of the 3rd century, son of Finn (Fingal), and reputed author of Ossian's Poems, published 1760-1763, by James Macpherson, who professed that he had translated them from MSS. collected in the Highlands. A great controversy as to the authenticity of the supposed originals was aroused. It is generally agreed that Macpherson, although compiling from ancient sources, was the principal author of the poems as published. Ostend' Manifesto. A declaration made in 1854 by the Ministers of the United States in England, France, and Spain, "that Cuba must belong to the United States." It occasioned great discussion. Ostracism (Gr. ostrakon, an earthen vessel). Black-balling, boycotting, expelling; exclusion from society of common privileges, etc. The word arose from the ancient Greek custom of banishing one whose power was a danger to the state, the voting for which was done by the Oswald. In Shakespeare's King Lear, steward to Goneril, daughter of King Lear. Othello. A tragedy by Shakespeare (1604). Othello, a Moor, was commander of the Venetian army, and eloped with Desdemo'na. Brabantio accused him of necromancy, but Desdemona refuted the charge. The Moor, being then sent to drive the Turks from Cyprus, won a signal victory. On his return, Iago, Othello's 99 ancient (i.e. ensign or lieutenant), played upon his jealousy, and persuaded him that Desdemona had been false to him with Cassio. He therefore murdered her, and after learning how he had been duped by Iago, slew himself. This tragedy had its source in a tale in Cinthio's Hecatommithi (1565). There is an opera, Othello, by Verdi (1887) founded on Shakespeare's play. Othello's occupation's gone (iii. 3). A phrase sometimes used when one is "laid on the shelf," no longer "the observed of all observers." The fiery openness of Othello, magnanimous, guileless, and credulous, boundless in his confidence, ardent in his affection, inflexible in his resolution, and obdurate in his revenge. The gradual progress which Iago makes in the Moor's conviction, and the circumstances which he employs to inflame him, are so artfully natural. . . that we cannot but pity him. - Dr. Johnson. Other Wise Man, The. A story by Henry Van Dyke. See under Magi. Otis, Isabel. The heroine of Gertrude Atherton's Ancestors (q.v.). O'tium cum dignita'te (Lat. leisure with dignity). Retirement after a person has given up business and has saved enough to live upon in comfort. The words were taken as a motto by Cicero. Otnit. Hero of a story in the medieval Heldenbuch or Book of Heroes, a legendary emperor of Lombardy, who gains the daughter of a powerful heathen ruler for wife, by the help of Alberich the dwarf. Otranto, Castle of. See Castle of Otranto. O'Trigger, Sir Lucius. In Sheridan's comedy, The Rivals, a fortune-hunting Irishman, ready to fight every one, on any matter, at any time. Ottava Rima. A stanza of eight tensyllabled lines, rhyming a bababcc, used by Keats in his Isabella, Byron in Don Juan, etc. It was originally Italian and was employed by Tasso (the lines were eleven-syllabled), Ariosto, and many others. The following example is from Don Juan: When Nero perished by the justest doom Of nations freed, and the world overjoy'd, Ottenberg, Fred. The lover of Thea Elsted in Willa Cather's Song of the Lark (q.v.). Otway, Thomas (1651-1685). English dramatist of the Restoration period, best known for his Venice Preserved (q.v.) and The Orphan. Ouida. The pseudonym of Louise de la Ramée, author of Under Two Flags (1867) etc. Our American Cousin. A comedy by Tom Taylor (1858). The titular hero, Asa Trenchard, who was at first the principal character of this popular play, was gradually superseded in interest by the English swell Lord Dundreary (q.v.) who served as entertaining contrast to the "American cousin." Our Mutual Friend. A novel by Charles Dickens (1864). The mutual friend" is John Harmon, friend of Mr. Boffin and of the Wilfers. Old John Harmon had cursed his son and sent him adrift as a boy of fourteen, but he leaves him a fortune on condition of his marrying Bella Wilfer. As young Harmon has never met Bella, has not been home for fourteen years and is reported to have been murdered, he returns under the assumed name of John Rokesmith and acts as secretary to Mr. Boffin, the "golden dustman" who is to have the Harmon money if the conditions laid down in the will are not fulfilled. John and Bella fall in love, marry and live for a time on John's earnings and finally Boffin turns over the fortune and John Rokesmith becomes "John Harmon." Outcast of the Islands, An. A novel by Joseph Conrad (Eng. 1896). The scene is laid in Sambir, a settlement in the Dutch East Indies. The story has to do with two protegés of Captain Lingard, the powerful Rajah Laut of the district - Almayer, whom he sets up as a trader in Sambir and Willems, whom, after his dishonesty as a clerk in Macassar, he brings to the same lonely settlement. Willems falls in love with Aïssa, daughter of the scheming, oneeyed native Babalatchi, who hides her until Willems treacherously agrees to pilot Abdulla, a native trader, to the settlement. Once there, his wealth and shrewdness enable him to throttle Almayer's trade. Lingard, when he discovers Willems' treachery, imprisons him in the jungle, and at the moment when his escape seems probable, he is shot by Aïssa with his own revolver. Almayer's later history is told in Almayer's Folly (q.v.). Outcaste. See Caste. Ou'tis (Gr. nobody). The name assumed by Odysseus in the cave of Polyphemus. When the monster roared with pain from the loss of his eye, his brother giants demanded from a distance who was hurting him: "Nobody," thundered out Polyphemus, and his companions went their way. Over-Soul, The. One of the best-known and most characteristic of Emerson's essays (Am. 1841). Overreach, Sir Giles. An avaricious schemer, the principal character in Massinger's drama A New Way, to Pay Old Debts (q.v.). Ovid. A Latin poet in the time of Augustus. He wrote the poetical fables called Metamorphoses, but he is far more often identified as the model of elegiac poetry (B. C. 43-A. D. 17). The French Ovid. Du Bellay (15241560); also called "The Father of Grace and Elegance.' Owain. The hero of a 12th-century legend, The Descent of Owain, written by Henry of Saltrey, an English Benedictine monk. Owain (the name is a form of Welsh Owen) was an Irish knight of Stephen's court who, by way of penance for a wicked life, entered and passed through St. Patrick's Purgatory (q.v.). Owen Meredith. See Meredith, Owen. Owlglass, Owlyglass or Howleglass, Tyll. See Tyll Owlyglass. Oxford Movement, The. A High Church movement which originated at Oxford in 1833 under the leadership of Pusey, Newman (afterwards a cardinal in the Roman Church), and Keble. It was strongly opposed to anything in the way of Latitudinarianism, and sought to bring back into the service of the Church much of the ritual, ornaments, etc., that had been dispensed with at the time of the Reformation. See Tracts for the Times. Oxymoron (Gr. pointedly foolish). A seeming contradiction for effect; for example, the use of a noun with a qualifying adjective that seems to imply a contrary meaning, as "strenuous idleness," wise folly," "proud humility." P., P.P., P.P.P. (in music). P = piano, pp pianissimo, and ppp pianissis simo. Sometimes pp means piu piano (more softly). = = So f forte, ff fortissimo, and fff = fortississimo. P. The Four P's. A "merry interlude" by John Heywood, written about 1540. The four principal characters are "a Palmer, a Pardoner, a Poticary (apothecary), and a Pedlar." See under Four. The five P's. William Oxberry (17841824) was so called, because he was Printer, Poet, Publisher, Publican, and Player. P.C. The Roman patres conscripti. See Conscript Fathers. P.P.C. (pour prendre congé). For leavetaking; sometimes written on the address cards of persons about to leave a locality when they pay their farewell visits. In English, paid parting call. P.P., Clerk of this Parish. The hero and pretended author of a famous volume of Memoirs written by John Arbuthnot as a burlesque on Burnet's History of My Own Times. His self-important affectations proved highly amusing and made his name a byword for conceit. Written P.S. (Lat., post-scriptum) afterwards - i.e. after the letter or book was finished. P's and Q's. Mind your P's and Q's. Be very circumspect in your behavior. an Several explanations have been suggested, but none seems to be wholly satisfactory. One is that it was admonition to children learning the alphabet and still more so to printers' apprentices sorting type- because of the similar appearance of these tailed letters; another that in old-time barparlors in the accounts that were scored up for beer P" stood for " pints" and "Q" for "quarts," and of course the customer when settling up would find it necessary "to mind his P's and Q's," or he would pay too much; and yet another from France is that in the reign of Louis XIV, when huge wigs were worn, and bows were made with great formality, two things were specially required: a step' "with the feet, and a low bend of the body. In the latter the wig would be very apt to get deranged, and even to fall off. The caution, therefore, of the French dancing-master to his pupils was, P "Mind your P's (i.e. pieds, feet) and Q's (i.e. queues, wigs).' Packlemerton, Jasper. A personage in Dickens' Old Curiosity Shop (1840), one of the chief figures in Mrs. Jarley's waxwork exhibition. "Jasper courted and married fourteen wives, and destroyed them all by tickling the soles of their feet when they were asleep. On being brought to the scaffold and asked if he was sorry for what he had done, he replied he was only sorry for having let them off so easy. Let this," said Mrs. Jarley, "be a warning to all young ladies to be particular in the character of the gentlemen of their choice. Observe, his fingers are curled, as if in the act of tickling, and there is a wink in his eyes. -Dickens: The Old Curiosity Shop, xxviii. Pac'olet. A dwarf in the romance of Valentine and Orson (q.v.). He was in the service of Lady Clerimond, and had a winged horse which carried off Valentine, Orson, and Clerimond from the dungeon of Ferragus to King Pepin's palace, and afterwards bore Valentine to the palace of Alexander, Emperor of Constantinople, his father; hence, a very swift horse, that will carry the rider anywhere, is called a horse of Pacolet (Fr.). I fear neither shot nor arrow, nor any horse how swift soever he may be, not though he could outstrip the Pegasus of Perseus or of Pacolet, being assured that I can make good my escape. Rabelais: Gargantua, Bk. ii, 24. Steele's familiar spirit in the Tatler was named Pacolet after this dwarf. Pacto ́lus. The golden sands of the Pactolus. The Pactolus (now called the Bagouly) is a small river in Lydia, Asia Minor, long famous for its gold which, according to legend, was due to Midas (q.v.). Paddington, Harry. In The Beggar's Opera (1727) by Gay, one of Macheath's gang of thieves. Peachum describes him as a "poor, petty-larceny rascal, without the least genius. That fellow," he says, "though he were to live for six months, would never come to the gallows with credit." Paddy, Paddywhack. An Irishman; from Patrick (Ir. Padraig), In slang both terms are used for a loss of temper, a rage on a small scale; and the latter also denotes the gristle in roast meat or a spanking. Padishah. See Rulers, Titles of. Page, Mr. In Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor (q.v.), a gentleman living at Windsor. When Sir John Falstaff made love to Mrs. Page, Page himself assumed the name of Brook, to outwit the knight. Sir John told the supposed Brook his |