tombs are opened, the dead are rising). | Norway: Ja, vi elsker det te Landet som det stiger frem (Yes, we love our country, just as it is).

Russia: In the days of the Empire, God protect the Tsar; the air by Lwoff is sung in England to

God the All-terrible King who ordainest, Great winds thy clarion, lightning thy sword. Sweden: Du gamla du friska, du fjellhöga Nord, du tysta, du glädjerika skona! (Thou ancient, free, and mountainous North! Thou silent, joyous, and beautiful North!) Switzerland: Rufst du, mein Vaterland. Sich uns mit Herz und Hand, All dir geweiht! (Thou call'st, my Fatherland! Behold us, heart and hand, all devoted to thee!)

The United States: The Star-spangled Banner (q.v.); America (q.v.).

In Wales the chief patriotic song is March of the Men of Harlech; in Scotland, Scots wha hae wi' Wallace bled! and in Ireland, The Wearing o' the_Green, A Nation Once Again, or Who Fears to Speak of' Ninety-eight?

Native son. A political phrase for a native-born candidate for office. It is much used in California.

Natoma. An opera by Victor Herbert (Am. 1911). The hero, Natoma, is an Indian maiden, and the characters are The Spanish, Indian and American. scene is laid in the California of 1820.

Natty Bumpo. (In Cooper's novels.) See Bumpo, Natty; Leatherstocking.

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Numb. vi. 1-21.)

Milton: Lycidas.

Nebuchadnezzar. The greatest king of Assyria. His reign lasted forty-three years (B. C. 604-561). He restored his country to its former prosperity and importance, practically rebuilt Babylon, restored the temple of Bel, erected a new palace, embanked the Euphrates and probably built the celebrated Hanging Gardens. In the Old Testament narrative he besieges Jerusalem, is victorious and carries the Jews away captive into Babylon. His name became the center of many legends, and the story related in Daniel (iv. 29-33) that he was one day walking in the palace of the kingdom of Babylon and said, "Is not this great Babylon that I have built... by the might of my power, and for the honor And "the same hour of my majesty?

he was driven from men, and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of heaven, till his hairs were grown like eagles' feathers, and his nails like birds' claws." is probably an allusion to the suspension of his interest in public affairs, which lasted, as his inscription records, for four years. Nebuchadnezzar was the king who, according to the account in Daniel, put the three Hebrews, Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego into the fiery furnace for refusing to bow down to a golden image.

Neck-verse. The first verse of Ps. li. See Miserere. "Have mercy upon me, O God, according to Thy loving-kindness: according unto the multitude of Thy tender mercies blot out my transgressions.'

He la treacherous Italian interpreter] by a fine cunnycatching corrupt translation, made us plainly to confesse, and cry Miserere, ere we had need of our neckeNash: The Unfortunate Traveller (1594).

verse.

This verse was so called because it was the trial-verse of those who claimed Benefit of Clergy (q.v.), and if they could read it, the ordinary of Newgate said, "Legit ut clericus," and the prisoner saved his neck, being only burnt in the hand and set at liberty.

If a clerk had been taken

For stealing of bacon,

For burglary, murder, or rape. If he could but rehearse

(Well prompt) his neck-verse,
He never could fail to escape.
British Apollo (1710).

Neckan, The. A ballad by Matthew Arnold in which a water-spirit of that name married a human bride whom he carried to his deep-sea home. She soon regretted that Neckan was not a Christian knight, so he came to earth to be baptized into the Christian faith. A priest said to him, Sooner shall my staff bud than Neckan go to heaven." The words were scarcely uttered when the staff budded. "Ah!" said Neckan, "there is mercy everywhere except in the heart of a monk."

Nec'tar (Gr.). The drink of the gods of classical mythology. Like their food, ambrosia, it conferred immortality.

Nedda. The heroine of Leoncavallo's opera, I Pagliacci (q.v.).

Nehemiah. In the Old Testament, a Jew whom Artaxerxes, the Persian king, sent to assist with the rebuilding of Jerusalem after the Babylonian captivity; also the book of the Old Testament called by his name.

). Con

Neibelungen lied. See Nibelungenlied. Neihardt, John G. (1881temporary American poet. ambitious poem is The Song of Hugh

Glass.

His most

Nekayah. In Samuel Johnson's Rasselas (q.v.), sister of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia.

Nekhludov. The hero of Tolstoi's novel Resurrection (q.v.).

Nell Floyd. See Hurricane Nell. Nell, Little. The heroine of Dickens' Old Curiosity Shop (q.v.).

Nell Saunders. See Salvation Nell.

Nellie the Beautiful Cloak Model. A melodrama of the early 20th century by Owen Davis which, probably because of the obvious nature of its title, is frequently referred to as a sort of type of the American melodramatic play.

Neluska. A savage in Meyerbeer's opera, L'Africaine (q.v.).

Nem'ean. Pertaining to Nemea, the ancient name of a valley in Argolis, Greece, about 10 m. S.W. of Corinth.

The Nemean Games. One of the four great national festivals of Greece, celebrated at Nem'ea every alternate year, the second and fourth of each Olympiad. Legend states that they were instituted in memory of Archemorus, who died from the bite of a serpent as the expedition of the Seven against Thebes was passing through the valley. The victor's reward

was at first a crown of olive leaves, but subsequently a garland of ivy. Pindar has eleven odes in honor of victors.

The Nem'ean Lion. A terrible lion which kept the people of the valley in constant alarm. The first of the twelve Labors of Hercules was to slay it. He could make no impression on the beast with his club, so he caught it in his arms and squeezed it to death. Hercules ever after wore the skin as a mantle.

Nemesis. The Greek goddess who allotted to men their exact share of good or bad fortune, and was responsible for seeing that every one got his due and deserts; the personification of divine retribution. Hence, retributive justice generally, as the Nemesis of nations, the

fate which, sooner or later, has overtaken every great nation of the ancient and modern world.

Neolithic Age, The (Gr. neos, new, lithos, a stone). The later Stone Age of Paleolithic (Gr. palaios, ancient). Stone Europe, the earlier being called the implements of the Neolithic age are polished, more highly finished, and more various than those of the Paleolithic, and are found in kitchen-middens and tombs with the remains of recent and extinct

animals, and sometimes with bronze implements. Neolithic man knew something of agriculture, kept domestic animals, used boats, and caught fish.

Ne'optol'emus or Pyrrhus. Son of Achilles; called Pyrrhus from his yellow hair, and Ne'optol'emus because he was a new soldier, or one that came late to the siege of Troy. According to Virgil, it was this youth who slew the aged Priam. He married Hermione, daughter of Helen and Menelaus. On his return home he was murdered by Orestes, at Delphi.

Nepen'the or Nepen'thes (Gr. ne, not penthos, grief). An Egyptian drug mentioned in the Odyssey (iv. 228) that was fabled to drive away care and make persons forget their woes. Polydamna, wife of Tho'nis, king of Egypt, gave it to Helen, daughter of Jove and Leda.

Quaff, oh quaff this kind Nepenthe and forget thy lost Lenore. Poe: The Raven.

Neph'elo coccyg'ia. See Cloud-CuckooTown.

Nep'tune. The Roman god of the sea, corresponding with the Greek Poseidon (q.v.), hence used allusively for the sea itself. Neptune is represented as an elderly man of stately mien, bearded,

carrying a trident, and sometimes astride a dolphin or a horse.

great Neptune with this threeforkt mace, That rules the Seas, and makes them rise or fall; His dewy lockes did drop with brine apace, Under his Diademe imperiall.

Spenser: Faerie Queene, IV. xi. 11.

Ne'reids. The sea-nymphs of Greek mythology, the fifty daughters of Nereus and "grey-eyed " Doris. The best known are Amphitrite, Thetis, and Galatea.

Ne'reus. In classic mythology, father of the water nymphs, a very old prophetic god of great kindliness. The scalp, chin, and breast of Nereus were covered with seaweed instead of hair.

By hoary Nereus' wrinkled lock.

Millon: Comus, 871.

Nerissa. In Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice, the clever confidential waitingwoman of Portia, the Venetian heiress. Nerissa is the counterfeit of her mistress with a fair share of the lady's elegance and wit. She marries Gratiano.

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Nero. Any bloody-minded man, relentless tyrant, or evil-doer of extraordinary savagery; from the depraved and infamous Roman emperor, C. Claudius Nero (A. D. 54-68), who set fire to Rome to see, it is said, what Troy would have looked like when it was in flames," and fiddled as he watched the conflagration. He is a prominent character in Sienkiewicz' Quo Vadis. Stephen Phillips (Eng. 1868-1915) has a poetic drama entitled Nero.

Nero of the North. Christian II of Denmark (1480, 1534–1558, 1559).

Neroni, Signora Madeleine. In Trollope's Chronicles of Barsetshire (see Barsetshire), a vivid, unconventional coquette, a chronic invalid who from her couch exercised a strange fascination over the entire prosaic world of Barchester.

Nerthus or Hertha. The name given by

Tacitus to a German or Scandinavian goddess of fertility, or "Mother Earth," who was worshipped on an island. She roughly corresponds with the classical Cybele, and is probably confused with the Scandinavian god Njorthr or Niord (q.v.), the protector of sailors and fishermen. Nerthus and Northr alike mean "benefactor." Swinburne has a poem called Hertha:

Nessus. Shirt of Nessus. A source of misfortune from which there is no escape; a fatal present. The legend is that Hercules ordered Nessus (the centaur) to carry his wife Dejani'ra across a river. The centaur attempted to carry her off, and Hercules shot him with a poisoned arrow. Nessus, in revenge, gave Dejani'ra his tunic, deceitfully telling her that it would preserve her husband's love, and she gave it to her husband, who was devoured by the poison still remaining in it from his own arrow as soon as he put it on. He was at once taken with mortal pains; Dejanira hanged herself from remorse, and the hero threw himself on a funeral pile, and was borne away to Olympus by the gods. Cp. Harmonia's

Robe.

Nestor of Europe. Leopold, king of Belgium (1790, 1831-1865).

Nesto'rians. Followers of Nesto'rius, patriarch of Constantinople, 428-431. He maintained that Christ had two distinct natures, and that Mary was the mother of His human nature, which was the mere shell or husk of the divine. The sect spread in India and the Far East, and remains of the Nestorian Christians, their

inscriptions, etc., are still found in China, but the greater part of their churches were destroyed by Timur (Tamerlane) about 1400.

Neu'ha. Heroine of Byron's poem The Island, a native of one of the Society Islands. It was here that the mutineers of the Bounty landed, and Torquil married Neuha. When the vessel was sent to capture the mutineers, Neuha conducted Torquil to a secret cave till all danger

On St. Tib's Eve.

In a month of five Sundays.

When two Fridays or three Sundays come together.
When Dover and Calais meet.

When Dudman and Ramehead meet.
When the world grows honest.

When the Yellow River runs clear.

Never-Never Land. A sort of fairyland in Barrie's Peter Pan (q.v.).

Never Too Late To Mend, It Is. A novel by Charles Reade (1856), a study of the discovery of gold in Australia and the British convict system. The book is notable for the character of the Jew, Isaac Levi, one of the first serious attempts to portray the Jew in fiction in a favorable light.

Neville, Miss. In Goldsmith's comedy She Stoops to Conquer (1773), the friend and confidante of Miss Hardcastle, a handsome coquettish girl, destined by Mrs. Hardcastle for her son Tony Lumpkin, but Tony did not care for her, and she dearly loved Mr. Hastings; so Hastings and Tony plotted together to outwit madam, and of course won the day.

New Amsterdam. The early name of New York City, given it by the Dutch colonists.

New Arabian Nights. A volume of stories by R. L. Stevenson (1882).

New Atlantis. See under Atlantis.

New England Primer, The. A series of quaint Biblical rhymes illustrated by wood cuts, used in early New England to teach children the alphabet and first processes of reading. The earliest edition was 1727.

New Grub Street. A novel by George Gissing (Eng. 1891), dealing in grimly realistic fashion with the struggles and compromises of the modern literary world. The hero is Edwin Reardon, a novelist whose valiant attempts to maintain the standards of his art in the face of financial pressure are opposed by an unsympathetic wife. In sharp contrast to Reardon is his friend Jasper Milvain, an essayist who adjusts himself easily to current materialistic ideals. In the background are poor scholars, authors and literary hacks of all sorts.

New Jerusalem. The paradise of Christians, in allusion to Rev, xxi.

New Machiavelli, The. A novel by H. G. Wells (Eng. 1910) in the form of an autobiography written by Richard Remington. With an attractive, devoted wife and a brilliant political career before him, Remington leaves England to elope with Isabel Rivers, a new Woman whose appeal he cannot resist.

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New Netherland. The early name of

New York during the days when it was a Dutch colony.

New Way to Pay Old Debts. A drama by Philip Massinger (1625). Wellborn, the nephew of Sir Giles Overreach, having run through his fortune and got into debt, induces Lady Allworth, out of respect and gratitude to his father, to Ishow him favor. This induces Sir Giles to suppose that his nephew is about to marry the wealthy dowager. Feeling

convinced that he will then be able to swindle him of all the dowager's property, as he had ousted him out of his paternal estates, Sir Giles pays his nephew's debts, and supplies him liberally with ready money, to bring about the marriage as soon as possible. After he has paid Wellborn's debts, the overreaching old man is compelled, through the treachery of his clerk, to restore the estates also, for the deeds of conveyance are found to be only blank sheets of parchment, the writing having been erased by some chemical acids.

New World. America. The Eastern Hemisphere is called the Old World.

Newbolt, Sir Henry (1862- ). English poet, known for his patriotic verse on British subjects.

Newcomes, The. Memoirs of a Most Respectable Family, Edited by Arthur Pendennis, Esq. A novel by Thackeray (1855). The plot is loose and complex, dealing with three generations of Newcomes. Chief in interest and one of the most famous characters of all fiction is the lovable Colonel Thomas Newcome, a man of simple, unworldly tastes and the utmost honor. The Colonel's son, Clive, an artist, is in love with his cousin, Ethel Newcome, who, however, desires a more ambitious marriage. In this project Ethel is urged on by her selfish, cold-blooded brother, Barnes Newcome, but his true character is revealed to her when his mistreated wife, Lady Clara, elopes with her quondam lover, Jack Belsize, then Lord Highgate. Clive, despairing of winning Ethel, marries Rosey Mackenzie, with whom he finds he is mismated; and when his father, through a bank failure, loses their combined

resources, the family live in poverty and the Colonel finally becomes a brother at the Grey Friars to escape the bad temper of Clive's mother-in-law, Mrs. Mackenzie. Rosey dies in the course of time and Clive, who has fallen heir to some money, marries Ethel.

Newgate. Newgate Gaol was originally merely a few cells over the gate. The first great prison here was built in 1422, and the last in 1770-1783. For centuries it was the prison for London and for the County of Middlesex. It was demolished in 1902, and the Central Criminal Court (opened 1905) erected on its site. From its prominence, Newgate came to be applied as a general name for prisons. The Newgate Calendar. A biographical record of the more notorious criminals confined at Newgate; begun in 1773 and continued at intervals for many years. The term is often used as a comprehensive expression embracing crime of every sort.

I also felt that I had committed every crime in the Newgate Calendar. - Dickens: Our Mutual Friend, Ch. xiv.

Newland, Abraham. Newland.

See Abraham

Newman, Christopher. The hero of The American (q.v.) by Henry James.

Newsome, Chad. In Henry James' Ambassadors (q.v.) the son whose lengthy sojourn in Paris caused his mother to send over Lambert Strether as an ambassador" to bring about his return.

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Newton and the Apple. See under Apple.

Niafer. In Cabell's Figures of Earth (q.v.) the wife of Manuel. When Manuel and Niafer were lovers newly met, Grandfather Death demanded one of them and Manuel let Niafer go. Afterwards he served Misery in the shape of a human head made of clay for a month of years to win her back.

Nibelungen Ring, The. A series of four music-dramas or operas by Richard Wagner (Ger. 1876) based on old Scandinavian legends. Although Wagner's principal source was not the Nibelungenlied (q.v.) but the Volsunga Saga (q.v.), the Nibelungenlied, the Elder and Younger Eddas and the Eckenlied were also drawn upon for material. The interest centers about the magic ring made from the Rhine gold and the curse it brought to all who owned it.

The four operas may be briefly summarized as follows:

(1) Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold). In the bottom of the Rhine is a hoard of

gold guarded by the Rhine Maidens. Alberich, the dwarf, forswears love to gain this hoard, which confers boundless power upon its possessor. From it he makes a magic ring. Meantime Wotan, chief of the gods, has given Freya, the goddess of youth and love, to the giants. as payment for their labor in building for him the castle Valhalla. Without Freya, everything grows old, even the gods. To get her back, Wotan and Loki steal the ring and the hoard from Alberich and trade them for the goddess. Alberich has put a curse on the ring; and almost immediately the giant Fafner kills his brother Fasolt. As the opera ends, the gods go gods go over the rainbow bridge to Valhalla.

(2) Die Walküre (The Valkyrie). Wotan is the father of two children Siegmund and Sieglinde, who grow up on earth in ignorance of each other but who, by the desire of Wotan, are to mate in the interests of the coveted ring. Sieglinde has married Hunding, but when Siegmund comes, she goes with him into the forest. Fricka, Wotan's wife, the goddess of marriage, insists that Siegmund be punished, and Wotan finally yields and commissions the Valkyrie Brunhild with the task. In spite of her orders, Brunhild tries to protect Siegmund, but Hunding, finally aided by the angry Wotan, kills him. She succeeds, however, in escaping with Sieglinde, who is about to give birth to the hero Siegfried. Brunhild is punished by being made a mortal woman and is left asleep on a mountain peak, surrounded with flame through which only a hero can pass.

(3) Siegfried. Siegfried, since the death of his mother Sieglinde, has been brought up to the trade of the smithy by Mime, the dwarf, whom he has learned to scorn. He remakes his father's sword and slays a dragon who is really the giant Fafner. A drop of the dragon's blood on his tongue makes him understand the language of the birds. Acting on the information they give him, he kills the treacherous Mime, secures the magic ring and finds Brunhild and marries her.

(4) Götterdämmerung (The Dusk of the Gods). Siegfried leaves the magic ring with Brunhild and goes to seek adventure. At the court of Gunther and his sister Gutrune, their half-brother Hagan, son of the dwarf Alberich, gives Siegfried a magic potion that causes him to forget Brunhild and become a suitor for the hand of Gutrune. He even agrees to