carboy, sealed in place by clay, plaster of Paris, or similar material in a plastic condition, and securely fastened with burlap or other suitable material drawn tight and securely tied under the lip of the mouth with strong cord; (b) by a glass or earthenware stopper with gasket, secured by metal fastenings; (c) by a glass or earthenware stopper ground to fit, secured by burlap or other suitable material; (d) if the contents of the carboy are not corrosive, by a cork or other similar closing device securely fastened in place to prevent leakage.

"The body of the carboy must be completely inclosed in a strong wooden box and so cushioned by proper packing material that the glass will not come in contact with the wooden or iron covering. (This requirement does not apply to the wooden or metal elastic strips used to cushion the carboy.)

"All wooden carboy boxes used as outside containers for carboys must comply with the following specifications:

"The material from which these boxes are made must be of good sound white pine or any wood of equal or superior strength. All lumber must be dry and well seasoned, and must not have loose knots in any part. Minimum thickness of lumber specified refers to the actual thickness in the finished boxes.

"The thickness of the top, bottom, ends, and sides must be not less than 7% inch.

"The four vertical edges must be reënforced in a suitable manner to secure strength and stiffness. For rectangular lead carboys this reënforcement is not required, but two of the sides must be of lumber not less than 14 inches in thickness.

"The box must be nailed with nails not smaller than 7-penny at approximately 2-inch centers or 8-penny nails at approximately 212-inch centers. The sides and ends of the box must be nailed together and also to the reënforcing pieces.

"There must be two cleats not less than 8" x 14", one placed on each end of the box for carrying and two

cleats not less than 7%" x 14" across the ends of the bottom of the box to act as shoes and to protect the bottom of the carboy.

"The cushioning support for all carboys must be such that the type of box, when containing the carboy filled with water to the lower edge of the neck and properly packed and cushioned, must be able to withstand the following tests:

"(a) By dropping on its bottom onto a concrete or brick floor from each of the heights of 6 inches, 12 inches, 18 inches, 24 inches, etc., in succession. Each box must withstand the first three drops without serious injury, and in testing not less than three packages the average maximum drop withstood by at least two of them without breakage of the carboy must not be less than 24 inches.

"(b) By suspending as a 14-foot pendulum and swinging against a concrete or brick wall with successive swings the vertical components of which are 6 inches, 9 inches, 12 inches, 15 inches, 18 inches, etc. Each box must withstand the first four blows without serious injury, and in testing not less than three packages the average maximum swing withstood by at least two of them without breakage of the carboy must be a swing with a vertical component of not less than 12 inches.

"Note: For carboys cushioned with hay or similar material the space between the sides of the carboy and the box should be about 111⁄2 inches."

Steel Cylinders for Gases.-"Cylinders used for the shipment of any gas, not liquefied, and not in solution, whose charging pressure does not exceed 300 pounds per square inch, at 70° F., must comply with the following specifications: (a) Cylinders must be made of basic open hearth steel. (b) Chemical analysis: carbon .06 to 20 per cent; phosphorus not to exceed .04 per cent; sulphur not to exceed .05 per cent. The chemical analysis must be verified by check analyses made on samples taken from one out of each order or lot of 200 or less plates, shells or tubes from which the cylinders are to be made. One analysis from any one heat of steel is sufficient.

"All seamless cylinders must be uniformly and properly annealed.

"The length of thread for connections, such as valves, fuse plugs, gauge, etc., must be equal to the standard lengths specified for different sizes of pipe thread tappings.

"Standard taper pipe threads must be employed on all threading for connections to cylinder, and these connections must be tapped to gauge with clean cut threads so as to insure tight joints.

"When a cylinder to contain inflammable gas is not to be boxed or crated for shipment, the safety and discharge valves and other connections must be made safe from injury during transit: (1) By being set into a recess of the cylinder so that it will be impossible for them to be struck if the cylinder is dropped on a flat surface; or (2) by a cap, or collar, fastened to the cylinder (not to the valve or connection), this cap or collar to be capable of withstanding a blow delivered in any direction of a 30pound weight falling 4 feet, and constructed so that this blow will not be transmitted to the valve or connection; or (3) by such construction of the valves and connections that they will withstand a test consisting of standing the cylinder upright on its base and gradually tipping it over, allowing it to fall so that the end of the valve or connection will strike on a block of some unyielding substance, such as stone or iron (not wood). The block must be so arranged that the end of the valve or connection will strike the block just before the side of the cylinder strikes the floor or ground. No leak must develop under this test. During the test indicated in (3) above, the cylinder must contain compressed air or gas under a pressure of at least 50 pounds per square inch, and the absence of leakage after the test is completed must be verified by application of soapsuds or by other suitable method."

S

CHAPTER XXIV

EXPORT SHIPPING OF BULKY ARTICLES

HIPMENTS of certain units of exceptionally large

dimensions may involve peculiar problems of their own, ranging from provisions to be adopted for safely loading and unloading, up to special forms of protection of different kinds. Shipments of motor boats, aeroplanes, locomotive and other boilers, street cars, railway, freight and passenger cars, when not forwarded knocked down or dismantled, frequently assume the dimensions of a small house; and not rarely have to be carried on decks of steamers because too great in diameter to be passed down the hatchways, very especially in the case of older and smaller vessels, or sometimes because too long to admit of being stowed away in the holds because it is impossible to slide them diagonally through the 'tween-deck spaces. Everyone who has ever traveled on a foreign-bound steamship has observed a great many of these large deck shipments, and is thoroughly familiar with the fashion in which they are lashed to the decks, and the perils which they must necessarily undergo. They are exposed to all sorts of misuse and various kinds of attack from steamships' crews and from the steerage passengers, if any are carried, and even more seriously exposed to veritable deluges of salt water, as waves break over the decks, sometimes for several days in succession during a storm; while in any event they are bound to receive the full effect of downpours of rain, alternating with possibly a scorching hot sun in the tropics.

Case Construction. Apart from the thoroughly strong construction that cases, when any are needed in the shipment of this sort of cargo, will require, no special instructions need here be noted, inasmuch as the subject has been fully dealt with under the heading of "Machin

ery," and in Captain Knowlton's special chapter appearing in earlier pages in this volume. It may be well, however, to observe that in practice cases for all parcels likely to be shipped on steamers' decks should be constructed of matched-that is, tongued and groovedlumber. Furthermore, the skids on which such cases are mounted, and which will in almost every instance naturally be supplied by the shipper for the safe transportation of his products, should, when deck shipments are contemplated or may become necessary, be of such a height as to raise the floor of the case above the deck. This will permit the free passage of sea or rain water under the case.

Sling Marks. Much of the cargo of the description now under consideration is heavy as well as bulky, and often involves more power for loading and unloading than the usual ships' winches can supply. When this is the case, such exceptionally heavy pieces have to be lifted by special derricks either on wharves or on specially constructed floating lighters which are towed alongside of ships for this express purpose. When parcels are exceptionally long, it is often necessary to employ two winches or two derricks for their hoisting aboard, and for their unloading at destination or at transhiping points. In any event, after the suitable construction of cases-when any are required-the first and most important consideration is the determination of the center of gravity of the piece being shipped, and the location and suitable marking of the points at which the slings must be applied. In a general way, this point has already been discussed and fully emphasized in other chapters in this volume, to which reference should now be made.

Waterproofing.-Dangers incurred by deck cargo from rains or from the wash of the sea have already been emphasized. It seems to be the custom of shippers of this sort of cargo to give chief attention to the construction of a felt or tarred paper roof to cover the package intended for deck shipment, or which may have to undergo that kind of stowing. Specially prepared roofing is,