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"For half barrels and kegs (capacity over 18 gallons and not over 32 gallons), % inch.

"For kegs (capacity 5 gallons and not over 18 gallons), 9/16 inch.

"For kegs (capacity under 5 gallons), 1⁄2 inch.

"The hoops must not be less in number nor smaller in size than the following: For barrels (capacity over 32 gallons and not over 55 gallons), six hoops: Head hoops, 1 11/16 inches by 17 gauge; quarter hoops, 1 7/16 inches by 18 gauge; bilge hoops, 1 11/16 inches by 17 gauge.

"For half barrels and kegs (capacity over 18 gallons and not over 32 gallons), six hoops: Head hoops, 12 inches by 19 gauge; other hoops, 114 inches by 19 gauge.

"For kegs (capacity 5 gallons and not over 18 gallons), six hoops: Head hoops, 114 inches by 19 gauge; other hoops, 1% inches by 19 gauge.

"For kegs (capacity under 5 gallons), four hoops: Head hoops, 1 inch by 20 gauge; other hoops, % inch by 21 gauge.

"Bungholes and other openings must be provided with secure closing devices that will not permit leakage through them. Compressed, tapered wooden bungs must be covered with a suitable coating and must have a driving fit into a tapered hole. They should be soaked in hot water for about one minute before driving into the bunghole.

"The barrels, half barrels and kegs must be coated on the inside with glue, asphaltum, or other coating suitable to prevention of leakage of the contents. When glued, there must be used at least two coats of good commercial glue so as to insure a uniform covering of the inside surface and averaging in total at least one-half pound to each barrel, and for half barrels and kegs an amount proportional to their inside surfaces.

"Barrels, half barrels and kegs which have been used at least once must be thoroughly recoopered when necessary, and must be reglued with at least one coat of glue before each refilling. Badly bulged or warped heads must be replaced.

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"All slack barrels, half barrels, and kegs are divided into classes limited both, as to capacity and weight of contents as follows:

"Class A. Capacity not over 10 gallons, and to contain not over 100 pounds net weight.

"Class B. Capacity not more than 17 gallons, and to contain not over 150 pounds net weight. The average container of this class is the ordinary 121⁄2 by 18 inches keg.

"Class C. Capacity not more than 25 gallons, and to contain not over 200 pounds net weight. The average container of this class is the ordinary half flour barrel, 132 by 24 inches.

"Class D. Capacity not more than 35 gallons, and to contain not over 400 pounds net weight. The average container of this class is the ordinary flour barrel, 17% by 28 inches.

"Class E. Capacity not more than 45 gallons, and to contain not over 600 pounds net weight. The average container of this class is the ordinary sugar barrel, 19% by 30 inches.

"Class F. Capacity not more than 55 gallons, and to contain not over 750 pounds net weight. The average container of this class is practically the ordinary oil barrel, 2012 by 34 inches.

"The material from which the barrels, half barrels, and kegs are constructed must be of good hardwood (except when specifically provided otherwise), thoroughly kiln dried, and must be free from knots.

"The staves must be not less than the following thickness: Hardwood-Classes A, B and C, six staves to 2 inches (cut or sawed); Classes D and E, % inch each (cut) or five staves to 17% inches (sawed); Class F, 7/16 inch.

"Softwood-Classes A and B, 7/16 inch; Classes C, D, E and F, softwood not allowed.

"The heads must be not less than the following thickness: Oak, beech, maple, and red gum, 7/16 inch for all classes; basswood, cottonwood, tupelo gum, and other

similar woods, 1/2 inch for all classes. Softwood: 9/16 inch for classes A and B. Softwood not allowed for heads of classes C, D, E and F. The heads of classes D, E and F must be cleated or battened across the cants with cleats not less than 4 by 11⁄2 inch.

"The hoops shall not be less in number than the following. Wooden hoops: six hoops for classes A and B; eight hoops for classes C and D; twelve hoops for classes E and F. Steel hoops: four hoops for classes A, B, C and D; six hoops for classes E and F. The hoops shall not be smaller in size than the following: Wooden hoops -thickness 5/16 to 3/16 inch and width 1% inches, inside measurement, for all classes. Steel hoops-For classes A and B, head hoops 1% inches by 23 gauge; bilge hoops 13% inches by 23 gauge; for classes C and D, head hoops, 15% inches by 21 gauge; bilge hoops 13% inches by 23 gauge; for classes E and F, head hoops 1% inches by 21 gauge; bilge hoops 1% inches by 23 gauge; quarter hoops, 1% inches by 23 gauge. Gauge mentioned refers to United States standard.

"If desired, half of the wooden hoops may be replaced. by steel wire hoops, the wire to be directly under the wooden hoops (between the hoop and the bilge) and to be not less than No. 11 gauge for classes A, B, C and D, · and not less than No. 9 for classes E and F.

"If desired, the standard wooden hoops may be replaced by oval bark hoops (so-called half-round), three circumferences of which will be required to take the place of one standard hoop.

"If the Brainerd steel hoop is used, the rolled edge shall be included in measuring the width of the hoops.

"All steel hoops must be nailed or bradded in place, except wire hoops, which must be stapled, and all wooden hoops must be nailed or stapled in place with at least four nails, brads, or staples in classes A, B, C and D, and six nails, brads, or staples in classes E and F.

"The ends of wooden hoops must be joined with at least one staple clinched on the outside and with at least two additional nails or staples clinched on the inside.

"Both heads must be headed up in the usual manner before shipment and must not be closed by gunny sacking, boarding, or other like methods.

"The heads must fit into a croze or notch in the staves and in addition there must be an outer lining hoop to hold the heads in place. These lining hoops must extend entirely around the inside of the chime and must be held in place by nails at intervals of about 5 inches.

"For paper bags, used as inner containers for kegs, the paper must be crimped or crêped parallel to the axis of the bag. The crimping must be such that the crimped paper will stretch at least 25 per cent of the original length without tearing.

"The crimped paper must have a tensile strength not less than 32 pounds parallel to the crimp, and not less than 28 pounds across the crimp. These tests to be made on strips 3 inches long and 1 inch wide.

"The crimped paper must be impervious to water at a temperature of 80° F. Tests of imperviousness to be made by folding the paper into cones as for filtering purposes. The cones are filled with water at 80° F. to a depth of 2 inches; no water must come through the cone during a period of 24 hours.

"The bags must be made with seams turned over not less than 34 inch. The seams must be stitched midway between the inner and outer edges. The length of the stitches must not exceed 1/3 inch.

"The bags must be of sufficient diameter to fit sides of kegs without stretching.

"The bags must be of sufficient length, so that when placed in keg and filled to capacity of keg and the end of the bag closed by tying, there will be not less than 3 inches length above the tie."

CHAPTER XXII

EXPORT SHIPMENTS IN BAGS, BUNDLES AND WITHOUT PACKING

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N this chapter we have for brief consideration several forms of export shipments which may not at first seem to require any special study, and are essentially different in many respects from shipments in cases, crates or bales. However, shipments in bags or bundles, and even shipments that are sent overseas without any packing whatsoever-that is, bare or naked shipments, as they are variously distinguished-do involve certain considerations which should require study. First of all, in such shipments, as in any other, there is the natural desire of every shipper that his merchandise arrive in the hands of his foreign customers safely and in the best possible condition. No matter what forms shipments may take, it has always to be remembered that they will undergo many different handlings before they reach the point of destination overseas. Protection given must be adequate to accomplish this result of safe and sound delivery, and also sufficient to insure delivery with a minimum loss of contents of bags or bundles. Moreover, the method adopted must insure the arrival, intact, of units or combinations of units which may be shipped naked, and their deliveries to the prospective consignees.

SHIPMENTS IN BAGS

Many different commodities included in the commerce of the world are customarily shipped in bags, including, for example, flour, corn meal, rice, seeds, sugar, coffee, rubber, jute, cork, fertilizers, bone meal, cottonseed meal, corn cake, beans, peas and similar vegetables, asbestos, china clay, soda ash and some other chemicals, etc.

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