fan motor, three of these boxes being crated securely together. The blades are packed four sets in a box, six of which are crated together. The hanger rods (if required) are packed separately.

Small motors are not packed individually but several are packed in a box according to the number of motors on the order and their sizes. Motors of from 12 h.p. upwards are usually boxed entirely and bolted on skids through the bottom of the box. They are braced from the top to hold them securely and the cases are lined with tar paper and strapped with band iron.

Packing Bolts, Nuts and Rivets.-A large New York exporter doing business with the Dutch East Indies complains rather bitterly of the light barrels or boxes in which bolts, nuts and rivets are usually shipped, stating that he has not yet made a single shipment of these commodities which arrived safely at port of destination. It has been his experience that a large percentage of the cases, boxes or barrels arrive broken with merchandise partly lost. Much stronger cases must be used and this exporter advocates extra heavy and strong boxes thoroughly well strapped and weighing gross not to exceed 200 pounds.

The Packing of Chains.-A manufacturer writes: "We manufacture chains of round material with welded links and in all sizes up to and including 21⁄2" stud link cable chain. Sizes larger than 1" are shipped loose, not packed in any way. Small sizes of chain are shipped in heavy oil barrels well coopered and in some instances are ordered packed in wooden cases, but this involves an additional charge because of the heavy expense for this style of packing."

Another manufacturer of chains states: "Some of our chains are packed in bags, some in crates, some loose and some simply wrapped in paper. We are very careful to line all cases and barrels with waterproof paper and usually sprinkle over the chains a non-hydrating product in order to prevent rust during transit. Small sizes of cases and barrels are used in shipping to the West Coast

of South America, but in principle we have to follow the instructions of the importers in different parts of the world which vary with almost every country."

The Packing of Tin Plate.-No little discussion has arisen regarding the proper packing of tin plate for export since the American industry in this line assumed such large proportions as the result of the great war. The American purchasing agent for large meat packing establishments in South America states in a letter that so many complaints were received, both from merchants as well as from packing houses, to the effect that tin plate had been delivered in very poor condition, in some cases accompanied by very disagreeable claims, that he has persuaded his clients to order all tin plate shipped in tin lined cases. He writes that "the thin material used in the absence of tin linings will not suffice to convey any case of tin plate to South America with any degree of assurance that it will be delivered in good condition."

An important New York exporter of steel products writes that when tin plate is packed in a box designed for domestic shipment and entirely satisfactory for that purpose, it has been found in experience that such a package is entirely unsatisfactory for export even when it is tin lined and strongly strapped. Foreign buyers, this exporter urges, must be persuaded to pay for the expense of providing extra strong wooden cases built to stand transhipment, if not for the additional charge of adequate tin lining.

A large manufacturer of tin plate states in a letter: "About 75 per cent of tin plate shipped for export moves out in wooden boxes with iron straps around the ends of the boxes. We have endeavored for a long time to standardize tin plate packing by having all consumers take their tin plate packed in tin lined cases, hermetically sealed, and with the wooden box iron strapped around the edges, but this additional cost of packing amounts to an average of about $1 per unit and is looked on as an excessive cost added to the merchandise; yet the claims arising from the handling of the material, due to dam

aged cases and damaged tin plate, almost equals this additional cost without calculating the annoyance and injury that is done the plate in general.

"One point that has done more than anything else to discourage the adopting of the tin lined case for our packing, has been the excessive high cost of our product for the last five or six years. Perhaps we will be more successful as we get down to a more reasonable price for this commodity which would not only reduce the cost of this special packing, but would not be so serious a factor in the cost of material."

There seems to be some difference of opinion among manufacturers and exporters as to the proper additional charge for lining shipping cases with tin. A prominent house sends the drawing shown above and states in a letter: "The usual method of packing is in light wooden boxes, containing 56, 112 or 224 sheets, iron strapped all the way round full length of the box. If the plates are likely to come in contact with water or excessive dampness they should be packed in a tightly soldered metal envelope inside the wooden box. When packed in this manner they are protected against moisture and may safely be stored. There is an additional charge for these tin lined cases, based on the actual cost of material and labor. This charge may be estimated at 25 cents per base box of 14" x 20"-112 sheets, which would be the minimum charge."

The Packing of Wire.-An experienced shipper states that the different markets require different styles of

packing of wire, which is sometimes shipped in bundles protected with paper and burlaping or sometimes in burlaping alone, especially when it is a shipment of galvanized wire. All wire from No. 25 to 30 gauge should be packed in specified weight bundles and wrapped in paper in addition to burlap, while wire finer than No. 30 gauge should be packed in barrels. The best ways of thus packing have been explained in the chapter devoted to the packing of barreled goods.

The Packing of Wire Nails.-Wire nails are usually exported in strong kegs, the heads of which are reenforced top and bottom with steel cleats. Linings of heavy waterproof tarred paper are employed by one large shipper to protect the nails from damage from moisture. Further details regarding shipments in kegs, barrels, etc., are included in the special chapter devoted to barreled goods.

CHAPTER XVI

EXPORT PACKING OF GLASS, GLASSWARE AND EXCEPTIONALLY FRAGILE GOODS

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OTHING surely can be more obvious than that the packing of glass, glassware, commodities shipped in containers of glass, and all similarly fragile merchandise, to undergo satisfactorily the many and serious hazards of overseas shipment, involves problems calling for not alone the highest skill, but a thoroughgoing scientific study of the packer's art, and all conditions, possibilities and results. Very likely it may be true that it is a physical impossibilty so to pack glass, and other exceedingly fragile merchandise, that breakage will be absolutely prevented. At the same time, it is plainly so much to the advantage of the future trade of manufacturers and shippers of such merchandise that their products arrive in the hands of their customers with a minimum of damage, that this problem should be regarded as peculiarly deserving of attention. Most importers in other countries of the world are always willing to pay somewhat better prices for goods of this description, when they can be assured that the contents of the cases, when received, will be unbroken, or involve comparatively little loss. Manufacturers must remember that breakage not only causes extra expense to customers, but deprives them of goods which may be urgently needed for sale, on whose safe arrival the importer may have been counting. Some manufacturers offer to make good any loss from breakage due to careless packing, but the mere refunding of the cost of broken goods, or of supplying new goods in place of those damaged, is by no means sufficient, for it is to be remembered that the consignee has paid ocean freights, import duties,