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Washington, and with some friends collected the alpine plants of the region. In 1816 Dr. J. Bigelow, Dr. Francis Boott, Mr. F. C. Gray, and Chief Justice Shaw made a thorough natural history survey of the mountains, which was published by Dr. Bigelow under the title of "Account of the White Mountains of New Hampshire." The flora of the mountains was also thoroughly explored by Mr. W. Oakes, of Ipswich, who published "Scenery of the White Mountains" (4to, with 16 plates, 1828). The most complete work illustrative of the scenery, botany, and history of the region is "The White Hills, their Legends, Landscapes, and Poetry," by the Rev. T. Starr King (4to, Boston, 1859). Since 1868 the mountains have been very thoroughly explored by the New Hampshire geological survey, under Prof. Charles H. Hitchcock, state geologist, whose reports describe fully their geology, mineralogy, botany, zoology, scenery, topography, and exploration (vol. i., 4to, Concord, 1875). This organization established a meteorological station on the summit of Mt. Washington in the winter of 1870-'71.

the Pemigewasset; the Pinkham notch, 2,018 ft., through which a branch of the Saco and one of the Androscoggin find their way; and the Grafton and Dixville notches, through which flow the Androscoggin and one of its tributaries. "The Flume" at Franconia notch is the most noted of the narrow waterways excavated through the rock, though there are others hardly inferior to it. Among the other objects of interest in the Franconia group is the "Old Man of the Mountain," on Profile mountain, opposite Mt. Lafayette; it is a well defined profile of the human face, 80 ft. long, formed by three projecting rocks. At the base of the mountain lies a beautiful lakelet a quarter of a mile long and an eighth wide, called "Profile lake," or the "Old Man's Washbowl." Five miles S. of the Franconia notch is the "Basin," a circular bowl-like cavity 45 ft. in diameter and 28 ft. in depth, produced by the whirling of large stones in a natural hollow in the rock by the current. It is filled with clear sparkling water, which flows down the mountains in a succession of beautiful clear cascades. The "Pool," in the same vicinity, is a natural well in the solid rock 60 ft. in di- WHITE PINE, an E. county of Nevada, borameter and 190 ft. deep, of which 40 ft. is dering on Utah; area, 6,720 sq. m.; pop. in water. A carriage road has been constructed 1870, 7,189, of whom 292 were Chinese; in to the summit of Mt. Washington, on the E. 1875, 2,557, of whom 80 were Chinese. It side, and a railroad on the W. side, the latter consists of a high plateau crossed N. and S. by. completed in 1869. A rough stone building, alternate hills and valleys. The mountains 40 by 22 ft. and 8 ft. high, with walls 4 ft. abound in minerals, and are covered with timthick, was erected under the lee of the high- ber and grazing lands; the valleys are genest rocks on Mt. Washington in 1852, and erally fertile. Of these the most noticeable a second structure, known as the "Tip-top is Spring valley, from 8 to 20 m. wide, and house," not long after. In 1872 the new extending across the county. The principal Summit house, 170 by 30 ft., 2 stories high, wealth is in the silver mines, of which, accordwas erected. There are now several addition- ing to the United States census, 11 were in al buildings, including one occupied as a me- operation in 1870, producing ore to the value teorological station by the United States signal of $1,375,386. Since then the yield has largeservice. The White mountain plateau is ap- ly fallen off. The chief productions in 1870 proached by travellers from four directions, were 1,750 bushels of barley, 23,875 of potaviz. from the east by the Grand Trunk rail-toes, 13,950 lbs. of wool, and 6,318 tons of road to Gorham, also direct to the Fabyan house by the Portland and Ogdensburg railroad from Portland, Me.; from the south by Lake Winnipiseogee and the valley of the Pemigewasset; from the southwest by way of the Connecticut river and the Boston, Concord, and Montreal railroad to the Fabyan house; and from the north by the Grand Trunk railroad to Northumberland.-The White mountains were first visited by white men in 1642. John Josslyn, a naturalist, visited them between 1663 and 1671, and gave an account of his journey in his "New England's Rarities discovered" (1672). No settlements were made in the region till about 1771. The first scientific exploration was made in 1784 by the Rev. Manasseh Cutler, D. D., of Ipswich, and six others. In 1797, and again in 1803, President Dwight passed through the White mountain notch, and he gives a full description of it in his "Travels." In July, 1804, Dr. Cutler again visited the mountains, and made observations to ascertain the height of Mt. VOL. XVI.-39

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hay. There were 966 horses, 575 milch cows, 1,516 other cattle, 5,650 sheep, and 224 swine; 14 quartz mills, 1 manufactory of iron castings, and 6 of pig lead. Capital, Hamilton.

WHITE PLAINS, a town and the county seat of Westchester co., New York, on the Harlem railroad, 25 m. N. N. E. of the city hall of New York; pop. in 1870, 2,630; in 1875, 2,727. It contains two banks, four schools, two weekly newspapers, and six churches.-On Oct. 12, 1776, Gen. Howe, for the purpose of flanking the American position on the upper part of Manhattan island, landed the van of his army on Throgg's neck, Westchester co. Washington immediately occupied the causeway and bridge leading from the neck, began the evacuation of Manhattan island, and detached a corps to White Plains. On the 18th the British, having resolved to strike at White Plains, crossed in boats, landing at the mouth of Hutchinson river, just below East Chester. The Americans proceeded up the W. bank of the Bronx river, and on the 23d Washington established

intersected by Rock river; area, 730 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 27,503. The surface is level and diversified by prairies and woodland, and the soil is very fertile. It is intersected by the Chicago and Northwestern and the Rockford, Rock Island, and St. Louis railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 457,719 bushels of wheat, 31,658 of rye, 2,162,943 of In219,476 of potatoes, 732,591 lbs. of butter, 63,381 of cheese, 40,660 of wool, and 54,833 tons of hay. There were 14,944 horses, 13,129 milch cows, 22,143 other cattle, 11,168 sheep, and 37,765 swine; 2 manufactories of agricultural implements, 21 of carriages and wagons, 10 of furniture, 2 of gloves and mittens, 1 of wrapping paper, 1 of woollens, 11 flour mills, 1 distillery, 2 breweries, 2 planing mills, and 6 saw mills. Capital, Morrison.

his headquarters at White Plains. In the mean | time several skirmishes had taken place. On the 25th Howe, who had been reënforced, encamped at Scarsdale, his right being about 4 m. from White Plains. On the morning of the 28th he advanced with 13,000 men, but, hesitating to attack Washington, who occupied a strong position with somewhat superior numbers, he sent about 4,000 men to carry Chatter-dian corn, 880,838 of oats, 89,078 of barley, ton hill, W. of the Bronx, which was held by about 1,400 Americans under McDougall. This movement was successful, McDougall being forced to retire to Washington's camp with a loss of about 80 prisoners and nearly 100 killed and wounded; the British lost 229. Howe now waited for reënforcements to attack Washington, but on the night of the 31st the latter withdrew his army to a still stronger position on high ground above White Plains. On Nov. 5 Howe broke up his encampment and moved to Dobbs Ferry, and on the 9th Washington began sending part of his troops to New Jersey, following himself soon after. Lee with the residue remained some time longer E. of the Hudson.

WHITE RIVER. See ARKANSAS, vol. i., p. 714. WHITE SEA (Russ. Bieloye More), a large gulf or branch of the Arctic ocean, which penetrates far into N. W. Russia, between lat. 63° . 48′ and 68° 40' N. It is nearly semicircular; length from N. E. to S. W. about 360 m., greatest breadth from N. W. to S. E. 280 m. At its entrance, between Kanin Nos and Sviatoi Nos, it is about 100 m. wide. It forms four large gulfs or bays, viz.: that of Mezen on the northeast, that of Archangel on the south, that of Onega on the southwest, and the deep inlet extending, with a mean width of 25 m., nearly 100 m. into Lapland on the northwest, called the gulf of Kandalask. Its area is estimated at 44,000 sq. m. It has numerous small islands, and two of considerable size, that of Solovetz, in the Solovetzkoi group, at the entrance of the gulf of Onega, and Morzhovetz, at the entrance of the bay of Mezen. The sea has bold and rocky shores, and deep waters, except in the gulf of Archangel. The Mezen, Dwina, Onega, Vyg, Kem, Kamienna, and many smaller streams flow into the White sea. Its only large port is Archangel at the mouth of the Dwina. The navigation is open for five or six months of the year. Fish are abundant. The white whale, or whitefish of the whalemen, seal, salmon, cod, herring, &c., are caught in large numbers; and from Archangel and the other towns on the coast vessels are sent to Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, and the continental coasts of the Polar sea in pursuit of whales, seals, and walruses.-The White sea first became known to English navigators through Richard Chancellor, commanding a ship in the unfortunate squadron of Sir Hugh Willoughby in 1553, who landed on the shores of the gulf of Archangel.

WHITESIDES, a N. W. county of Illinois, separated from Iowa by the Mississippi river and

WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, a post village of Greenbrier co., West Virginia, on Howard's creek, and on the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad, by which it is 227 m. W. of Richmond. It is a place of summer resort on account of its mineral spring, which yields about 30 gallons per minute, and has a temperature of about 62° F. The first use of the waters by the whites is said to have been in 1778. Buildings have been erected capable of receiving 1,500 guests. At distances by the roads from about 20 to 40 m. from this spring are the Red, Salt, and Blue Sulphur springs, at each of which there are accommodations for guests.

WHITE SWELLING, the popular name for a chronic inflammation of the joints occurring in scrofulous subjects. The complaint appears sometimes to originate in a slight injury; sometimes no cause can be assigned for its occurrence. The joint slowly becomes stiff and swollen; for a long time it is painful only on being moved. The swelling is caused largely by the parts exterior to the joint becoming thickened and infiltrated with plastic and fatty matters. It comes on very slowly, and as it supervenes the prominences of the bones are lost, and the joint becomes rounded and has a doughy or semi-elastic feel. The appearance of the skin, which for a long time preserves its natural color, gives the disease its popular name. The swelling, considerable in itself, seems greater from the wasting of the rest of the limb. The disease has a great tendency to run on to suppuration, which takes place both within and around the joint. This is rapidly followed by hectic fever, and often by the development of tubercles in the lungs. The general treatment consists in hygienic measures, a generous diet, and the use of iron, cod-liver oil, phosphoric acid, and iodine. Locally, the chief indication is to keep the joint in a state of perfect rest, and this is best done by the use of splints or the starch bandage. When the inflammation has entirely subsided, friction and stimulating liniments may be employed. WHITEWEED. See DAISY.

WHITEWOOD. See TULIP TREE.

WHITFIELD, a N. W. county of Georgia, bordering on Tennessee and bounded E. by the Conasauga river; area, 286 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 10,117, of whom 1,511 were colored. The county is mountainous, but contains fertile valleys. It is traversed by the Selma, Rome, and Dalton, the Western and Atlantic, and the East Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 48,860 bushels of wheat, 135,007 of Indian corn, 33;120 of oats, 3,851 of Irish and 10,563 of sweet potatoes, 7,211 lbs. of wool, 97,510 of butter, and 763 tons of hay. There were 974 horses, 1,569 milch cows, 2,446 other cattle, 4,350 sheep, and 7,439 swine; 5 flour mills, 6 tanneries, 6 currying establishments, and 4 saw mills. Capital, Dalton.

WHITING, William, an American lawyer, born in Concord, Mass., March 3, 1813, died in Boston, June 29, 1873. He graduated at Harvard college in 1833, and at the Cambridge law school in 1838, and practised in Boston. From 1863 to 1865 he was solicitor of the war department at Washington. He was elected to congress in 1872, but died before taking his seat. He published "The War Powers of the President and the Legislative Powers of Congress, in relation to Rebellion, Treason, and Slavery" (Boston, 1862; 10th ed., with additions, 1863).

WHITLEY. I. A S. E. county of Kentucky, bordering on Tennessee, and intersected by the Cumberland river; area, about 450 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 8,278, of whom 138 were colored. The surface is hilly and broken. Iron ore and bituminous coal are abundant. The falls of the Cumberland river are in this county. The chief productions in 1870 were 6,913 bushels of wheat, 251,872 of Indian corn, 34,587 of oats, 20,544 of Irish and 10,348 of sweet potatoes, 128,219 lbs. of butter, 20,827 of wool, and 18,866 of tobacco. There were 1,804 horses, 2,802 milch cows, 5,100 other cattle, 10,507 sheep, and 15,816 swine. Capital, Whitley Court House. II. A N. E. county of Indiana, intersected by Eel river; area, 324 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 14,399. The surface is undulating, but there are several prairies; the soil is very fertile. The Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 290,506 bushels of wheat, 192,813 of Indian corn, 88,595 of oats, 42,454 of potatoes, 257,517 lbs. of butter, 63,266 of wool, and 12,199 tons of hay. There were 5,064 horses, 5,403 milch cows, 6,332 other cattle, 21,263 sheep, and 12,397 swine; 10 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 2 breweries, 1 woollen mill, and 32 saw mills. | Capital, Columbia City.

WHITFIELD, George. See WHITEFIELD. WHITGIFT, John, an English prelate, born in Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, in 1530, died at Lambeth, Feb. 29, 1604. He was educated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, under Ridley. After the accession of Elizabeth he entered into holy orders (1560), and was made chaplain to Cox, bishop of Ely; subsequently he became Lady Margaret's professor of divinity, and in 1567 master of Pembroke hall. Soon after the queen made him her chaplain and master of Trinity college, Cambridge, and the same year he also became regius professor of divinity. In 1571 he was vice chancellor of the university, and in 1572 prolocutor to the lower house of convocation. About this time, at the desire of Archbishop Parker, he wrote an answer to a work entitled "An Admonition to the Parliament," which had bitterly assailed the established church. His reply was attacked by Cartwright, and Whitgift rejoined in his "Defence." He was now made dean of Lincoln, and in 1576 bishop of Worcester, and, having also received a civil commission as vice president of the marches of Wales, made constant use of both the temporal and spiritual powers WHITLOW, or Felon (paronychia), an abscess to put down Roman Catholicism and Puritan-occurring on the fingers, attended with great ism. In 1583 he became archbishop of Canterbury. Making use of the court of high commission created under the act of supremacy passed at the beginning of Elizabeth's reign, he removed from stations in the church all schismatics or nonconformists. In 1585 the star chamber, of which he was a member, at his instigation passed ordinances for the regulation of the press, by which no one was allowed to print except in London, Oxford, and Cambridge; and none but a few special printers were to be suffered to print anything whatsoever until it should be perused and allowed by the archbishop of Canterbury and the bishop of London. In 1586 he was sworn of the privy council, and framed the statutes of cathedral churches; and in 1595 he assisted in drawing up the celebrated Lambeth articles.-His life was written by Strype and by Sir George Paule. See also Hook's "Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury," vol. x. (London, 1875). WHITING. See HAKE.

pain and inflammation, commencing in, if not confined to, the terminal joint.. The cutaneous or superficial whitlow consists of an inflammation of the skin of the last phalanx, with burning pain and effusion of a serous or bloody fluid, raising the cuticle into a blister; when it is under the skin, and especially when about the nails, there is great pain and throbbing until the pus, which is almost sure to form, is let out, attended often with loss of the nails. In the tendinous form or thecal abscess, where the inflammation is within the sheaths of the tendons, the pain is much more severe, and the pus, from inability to escape through the fibrous tissues, burrows upward along the sheaths into the palm of the hand, and even to the forearm and arm, producing severe constitutional symptoms and irritative fever, sometimes requiring amputation to save life. The treatment consists in the continued application of poultices in the early stages of the affection, with opiates if necessary, and, above all, deep