o'clock Ney was ordered to break through the | allied centre, and push their right back toward Brussels. Ney accordingly moved against La Haie Sainte, and after a fierce assault carried it; but his progress was checked by the English division of Picton and Ponsonby's brigade of heavy cavalry, and the French were forced back into the ravine, where Milhaud's cuirassiers came to their assistance and compelled the English to retire. Picton and Ponsonby were killed. Ney reformed his troops and again advanced to the attack, preceded by Milhaud's cavalry and a brigade of the light cavalry of the guard. After a gallant defence the German troops who held La Haie Sainte were overpowered by the French infantry, and at half past 3 the farm again fell into the hands of the assailants. The stubborn resistance of the English guards at Hougoumont induced the French to direct a battery of howitzers against the building; but this, though set on fire by shells, was held to the last. But Wellington, seeing the attack on this point was relaxing in vigor, strengthened his centre with troops from his right and rear. After the capture of La Haie Sainte there was a pause in the French operations against the allied centre, as Napoleon was watching the movements of Bülow's corps, which was beginning to debouch on the French right; and at 4 o'clock Wellington directed two bodies of troops upon the enemy at Hougoumont and La Haie Sainte. The attack upon the latter position was repelled by Ney, who sent for reenforcements to make a decisive onslaught upon the allied centre. Napoleon, unable to spare infantry and obliged to go to the right in person to look after the Prussians, gave him the cuirassiers of Milhaud, not for the proposed attack, but to hold his position. An error of Lefebvre-Desnouettes, who commanded the light cavalry of the guard, caused him to follow Milhaud, and Ney, finding these two powerful bodies of horse under his command, hurled them in succession upon the squares of the enemy. Napoleon, learning what Ney was doing, exclaimed: "It is too soon by an hour;" but to sustain the movement thus begun, he ordered part of Kellermann's cuirassiers to Ney's assistance. Behind these were standing 2,000 heavy cavalry of the guard, and some of their officers going forward to witness Ney's charges, the men understood them to give the signal to advance, and were soon mingled in the mêlée. Napoleon sent Bertrand to hold them back, but Ney had already launched them against the allied line, which had begun to waver, and, could Ney have had the infantry he desired, would have been utterly defeated. A French division under Durutte had meanwhile carried La Haye and Papelotte on the allied left, and Lobau had driven Bülow's forces out of the village of Planchenois on the French right. But rumors of the approach of Blücher's army inspired renewed courage in the allies, and dampened the ardor of the

French; and soon after 7 o'clock Napoleon, despairing of the cooperation of Grouchy, collected four battalions of the middle guard and six of the old guard for a final effort against the allied centre. The middle guard, led by Ney, advanced upon the enemy, but had scarcely commenced the attack when Ziethen's Prussian corps appeared on the French right. La Haye and Papelotte were speedily retaken, and the six battalions of the old guard separated from the middle guard, and formed in squares across the field to cover the retreat of Durutte's fugitives. The middle guard, assailed in front and flank by the allies, held their ground under a fire which rapidly thinned their ranks. Ney, covered with dust and blood, with his clothes torn and his head bare, but still unwounded, though five horses had been shot under him, headed them on foot sword in hand. But the growing confusion in the French right demoralized the veterans, and they retreated. The other six battalions held their ground against overwhelming numbers. The dispersion of the French right by the cavalry brigades of Vandeleur and Vivian isolated them from the rest of the army, but still they stood firm. Finally, when five squares were broken and the rest began to show signs of exhaustion and depletion, the emperor gave the order for their withdrawal, and the cry, "The guard is repulsed," converted retreat into flight. At this moment Wellington advanced his whole line of infantry, and, the Prussians moving simultaneously, the rout of the French became complete. Napoleon, with one regiment of the guard thrown into square, endeavored to form a rallying point for the fugitives. Failing in this, he expressed his determination to die within the square, but was hurried away by Soult, the guard covering his escape. The heroic band was soon surrounded and called upon to surrender. “The guard dies, it does not surrender," is the reply popularly attributed to Gen. Cambronne; and with the cry of Vive l'empereur, the remnant of the guard charged upon the enemy and perished almost to a man. At half-past 9 P. M. Blücher and Wellington met at Maison du Roi in the rear of the late French centre, and Blücher continued the pursuit of the enemy. The total loss of the allies, including the Prussians, was about 23,000, and that of the French upward of 30,000, besides 227 pieces of cannon. -Of the repeated orders sent to Grouchy at 10 the previous evening, at 3 A. M., and again immediately before the battle, none reached him till 4 P. M. Long before that hour Gérard and Vandamme besought him to break off his pursuit of the Prussians, and march to Waterloo, but he refused. Instead of obeying the emperor's explicit orders when they finally reached him, he made a useless attack upon a corps which Blücher had left at Wavre; and thus the last great battle of Napoleon was lost.

WATERLOO, a W. central county of Ontario, Canada, drained by the Grand river; area, 530

color above, and golden yellow below; basal half of tail black, the rest white. The total length is about 2 ft., of which the tail is half. WATER SHIELD, an aquatic plant of the genus brasenia (an unexplained name), which formerly with cabomba made up the family cabombacea, but is now classed with the water lilies in nymphæacea. It differs from the members of that family (see WATER LILY) in having long, slender stems, which arise from prostrate rootstocks, fork above, and bear leaves and flowers; the entire oval leaves, with the slender petioles attached at the centre, are 1 to 4 in. long, and floating; the upper surface is green, and the under surface, with all other parts of the plant, of a dull purple; all the submersed portions of the plant are covered with a thick coating of an exceedingly transparent jelly-like substance. The solitary flowers, on axillary peduncles, bloom at the surface,

Water Shield (Brasenia peltata). but are soon submersed; they are about an inch across, with calyx and corolla each of four parts, 12 to 18 stamens, and 4 to 18 pistils, which are distinct, a few of them ripening into one- or two-seeded pods. The plant varies much in the size of its leaves and length of its stems, which, according to the depth of the water, are from 1 to 15 ft. long. There is but one species, named, from the character of its leaves, B. peltata, found in ponds and slow streams from Canada to the gulf of Mexico, and along the northern border to Puget's sound; it occurs also in eastern India and Australia. The related cabomba Caroliniana, in the waters of North Carolina and southward, has small floating peltate leaves, with much divided submersed ones, and whitish or yellowish flowers. WATER SPOUT, a diminutive whirlwind, lasting from a few seconds to an hour, and reaching down from the under surface of a cloud

to or nearly to the surface of the earth. In the centre of this whirlwind appears a slender column of water or dense vapor, constituting the water spout proper. This column often descends but a short distance, like a pouch, but in its complete stage it reaches to within from 10 to 50 ft. of the earth or sea, and is accompanied by a cloud of whirling dust or spray raised from the ground or sea. The column is probably hollow, and the air whirling around it is sometimes an ascending, but more frequently a descending current; the latter apparently is especially the case in the "cloud bursts" that occasionally desolate limited regions.-For the theory of water spouts see WHIRLWIND, and the memoir by Faye in the Annuaire du bureau des longitudes (Paris, 1874).

WATERTON, Charles, an English naturalist, born at Walton hall, near Wakefield, Yorkshire, June 12, 1782, died there, May 27, 1865. He was educated at Ushaw and Stonyhurst. In 1804 he went to Demerara to superintend his uncle's estates, and travelled through the interior of the country to study natural history. In 1814, on his father's death, he returned to England, and made of the estate of Walton park a safe retreat for birds and beasts, surrounding it with a stone wall 8 ft. high, and never allowing a shot to be fired on his grounds. In 1825 he published "Wanderings in South America, the Northwest of the United States, and the Antilles." He was especially distinguished as a bird stuffer, and his collections at Walton hall are almost unrivalled. He made several other voyages to South America, and contributed to "Loudon's Magazine" many articles on natural history, subsequently published in a separate volume (2d ed., 1838, with an autobiography).-See "Charles Waterton, his Home, Habits, &c." (London, 1866).

WATERTOWN, a city and the county seat of Jefferson co., New York, on the Black river, 10 m. above its mouth in Lake Ontario, at the intersection of the Rome, Watertown, and Ogdensburg and the Utica and Black River railroads, 145 m. N. W. of Albany and 250 m. N. W. of New York city; pop. in 1870, 9,336; in 1875, 10,041. The city is handsomely laid out in wide streets, well shaded principally with maple, and contains a large number of handsome public buildings and private residences. The county poorhouse and insane asylum are just outside the city limits. Brookside cemetery is about 3 m. S. of the city, and contains 70 acres. The grounds of the county agricultural society and the river park race course are within the limits. The river divides the city into two unequal portions, which are connected by three bridges, one a suspension bridge of iron. It is surrounded by a rich agricultural country, abounding in limestone and iron, with which it carries on a valuable trade. It has unbroken railroad connection with New York and the Pennsylvania coal regions. The Black river falls 112 ft. in its passage through the city, a distance of less than two miles,

affording water power equivalent to nearly 84,000 horse power, much of which is utilized. The chief establishments are six flouring mills, producing 200,000 barrels annually; four paper mills, producing 3,600 tons of printing paper annually; steam engine works, two founderies, sewing machine works, a spring wagon manufactory, knitting machine works, a paper flour sack manufactory, a cotton mill, four tanneries, two carriage manufactories, two furniture factories, two breweries, a malt house, nine boot and shoe factories, seven cigar factories, five planing mills, and five sash and door manufactories. There are four national banks, with an aggregate capital of $760,000; two state banks, capital $400,000; a savings bank, with $314,842 deposits in 1875; and four fire insurance companies. The city has an efficient police force and fire department, and is lighted with gas. Water is pumped from the river into two reservoirs with a combined capacity of 6,500,000 gallons, within one mile of the centre of the city, on the brow of a limestone ridge 180 ft. above the level of the public square. The assessed value of real estate in 1875 was $5,496,225; of personal property, $3,460,300. The public schools embrace a high school and inferior grades. There are nine school buildings; children of school age in 1875, 3,031; number enrolled, 2,032; teachers, 44; school expenditures, $36,996 35, including $17,998 50 for teachers' wages; value of school property, $88,131 58. The public school library contains 2,728 volumes. Two daily and three weekly newspapers are published. There are nine churches, viz.: Baptist, Episcopal (2), Methodist (2), Presbyterian (2), Roman Catholic, and Universalist.-Watertown was settled in 1800, incorporated as a village in 1816, and as a city in 1869.

WATERTOWN, a city of Wisconsin, partly in Dodge and partly in Jefferson co., on both sides of Rock river, spanned here by six bridges, at the junction of the Chicago and Northwestern, and the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul railroads, 43 m. W. by N. of Milwaukee, and 35 m. E. by N. of Madison; pop. in 1870, 7,550; in 1875, 9,524. It is divided into seven wards, of which five are in Jefferson co. and two in Dodge co. It is surrounded by one of the most productive districts in the state, and has an important trade. The chief manufactories are six flouring mills, two breweries, a threshing machine factory, three brick manufactories, four saw mills, and two sash, door, and blind factories. There are two banks, four hotels, four union school buildings, five denominational schools, three weekly newspapers (one German), and 16 churches. Watertown is the seat of the Northwestern university (Lutheran), chartered in 1864, which in 1875-'6 had 7 instructors, 32 collegiate and 171 preparatory students, and a library of 2,100 volumes. The college of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart (Roman Catholic) was chartered in 1872, and in 1875-'6 had 8 instructors and 25 collegiate

and 75 preparatory students.-Watertown was settled in 1836; it was incorporated as a village in 1849, and as a city in 1853.

WATERVILLE, a town of Kennebec co., Maine, on the W. bank of the Kennebec river, at Ticonic falls, and on the Maine Central railroad, 18 m. N. N. E. of Augusta; pop. in 1870, 4,852. It was divided in 1873, and in 1876 contained about 4,000 inhabitants. The falls afford a large water power, which is only partially used. The town contains the machine shops of the railroad company, a cotton factory of 30,000 spindles, two saw mills, a tannery, a shovel-handle factory, a flour mill, a shirt factory, and one manufactory each of doors, sash, and blinds, of furniture, of machinery and castings, and of boot shanks. There are four national banks, one savings bank, a weekly newspaper, seven public schools, and six churches. Waterville is the seat of Colby university, under the control of the Baptists; it was established as a literary and theological institution in 1813, and incorporated as Waterville college in 1821, and as Colby university in 1867. There are five fine college buildings. The regular course is similar to the ordinary four years' course of American colleges, but select courses may be pursued. The university library contains about 12,600 volumes, and the literary fraternity has a library of about 1,500. In 1875-'6 there were 8 professors and 91 students, of whom 8 were females. The Waterville classical institute is conducted as a preparatory department.

WATER WHEEL. See WHEEL.

WATER WORKS, constructions for the purpose of collecting, conveying, and distributing water. They may be designed for supplying cities, single buildings, or mills, or for drainage or irrigation, and also for the purposes of navigation; and they were employed in the earliest times for all these purposes. (See AQUEDUCT.) In this article only those works will be considered by which cities are supplied with water. The construction of such works includes the consideration of the source of supply, its conveyance into reservoirs, and its distribution from these to the points of consumption. The supply is usually collected from springs or streams by means of dams which form reservoirs. The condition of the valley as to soil and its cultivation, and also that of the water respecting the amount of mineral and vegetable matter which it contains, should receive careful consideration. For the construction of the dam for collecting the water, see DAM. Such a reservoir formed in the stream is called a collecting reservoir, and usually empties into a second through an aqueduct; and this, called a receiving or storage reservoir, may flow into a third or distributing reservoir, or the receiving may also be a distributing reservoir. A succession of reservoirs generally aids in the purification of the water by facilitating deposition of sediment, or by filtration.There are three principal systems of supplying