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WABAUNSEE, a N. E. county of Kansas, bounded N. by the Kansas river, and drained by several streams; area, 804 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 3,362; in 1875, 4,649. The surface is undulating and the soil productive. The chief productions in 1870 were 63,451 bushels of wheat, 220,365 of Indian corn, 38,243 of oats, 35,669 of potatoes, 69,685 lbs. of butter, and 11,640 tons of hay. There were 1,983 horses, 2,692 milch cows, 3,878 other cattle, 862 sheep, and 1,466 swine. Capital, Alma.

WABASH RIVER. See INDIANA, vol. ix., p. | the large bargains are usually made in cattle, and the smaller in strips of cotton cloth. There are few manufactures, and these generally of the rudest kind; but the people are said to be skilful workers in iron. The army consists of 46,000 troops, of whom 6,000 are cavalry. The country has long been subject to civil war. The religion is Mohammedanism.-It is asserted that the foundation of what is now the kingdom of Waday was laid by Abd-el-Kerim as long ago as 1020. He established his seat in a mountainous district near the town of Wara. This town was long the capital, but was destroyed prior to Nachtigal's visit to the country in 1873, and he found the seat of government at Abeshr. The kingdom, according to the accepted accounts, has thus existed for more than 800 years, with a regular succession of sovereigns. Waday has been seldom and slightly explored by Europeans. The German traveller Vogel was killed there in 1856, but in 1873-4 Nachtigal traversed the country from the vicinity of Lake Tchad to Darfoor, and our knowledge of it is principally derived from him. WADDING, Luke, an Irish scholar, born in Wa1657. He studied for six months at the Jesuit seminary of Lisbon, joined the Franciscans in 1605, and completed his education in Portugal. After taking orders he was sent to teach theology at Salamanca; and in 1618 he accompanied Antonio á Trejo, bishop of Cartagena, who went to Rome as ambassador to settle the controversy relating to the immaculate conception. He wrote the history of the embassy in a folio volume. From 1630 to 1634 he was procurator of the Franciscans at Rome, and from 1645 to 1648 vice commissary of his order. He founded in 1625 the college of St. Isidore for the education of Irish Franciscans. was one of the councillors appointed in the case of Jansenius, whose doctrines he favored, but he retracted his opinion as soon as they were condemned by the papal bull. His most important work is his history of the order of Franciscans, entitled Annales Ordinis Minorum (8 vols. fol., Lyons and Rome, 1647-'54). He also edited a collection of the writings of Duns Scotus (12 vols. fol., Lyons, 1639), and wrote a bibliographical history of the Franciscans, Scriptores Ordinis Minorum.

WACE, Master Robert, an Anglo-Norman poet, born in Jersey about 1110, died probably in England about 1184. His name is variously written. He resided at Caen, and is supposed to have been a favorite chaplain of Henry II. In 1161 he was a canon of the cathedral church at Bayeux. His authentic works comprise Le roman de Rou (Rollo) et des ducs de Normandie, a poem written about 1170, partly in Alexandrine and partly in octosyllabic verse, and remarkable as a monument of the language and as a picturesque record of memorable events, including the Norman conquest of Eng-terford, Oct. 16, 1588, died in Rome, Nov. 18, land; Le roman de Brut (1155), a paraphrastic version of Geoffrey of Monmouth's "British History;" Le chronique ascendante des ducs de Normandie; and some shorter poems. A critical edition of the Roman de Rou, with notes by F. Pluquet, was published in Rouen in 1827 (2 vols. 8vo); and more recently has been published "The Conquest of England, from Wace's Poem," translated by Sir Alexander Malet (4to, London, 1860), including the text illustrated by photographs from the Bayeux tapestry.

He

WADAY, or Wadai, a kingdom of central Africa, in Soodan, between lat. 8° and 17° N., and lon. 16° and 22° 30' E., bounded N. by the Sahara, E. by Darfoor, S. by Dar Banda, and W. by Baghirmi and Bornoo; length from N. to S. about 600 m., breadth from E. to W. about 400 m.; pop. estimated at 2,500,000. The natives generally call it Dar-Saleyh, and in Darfoor, Kordofan, and Bornoo it is called Borgoo. Its surface is generally level, and from 1,000 to 1,500 ft. above the sea, with a westward slope from a mountain range near the frontier of Darfoor. The country is also mountainous in the southwest, adjoining Baghirmi, and there are many isolated groups of hills. In the north WADDINGTON, William Henry, a French arare extensive desert tracts, but the south is chæologist, born in Paris, of English Protesbetter watered and more fertile. The king- tant parents, in 1826. He graduated at Camdom comprises numerous tribes of negroes and bridge in 1849, and followed his father, a rich Arabs, and is governed by a sultan who re-manufacturer, to France, where he was natusides at Abeshr, and under whom there are seven provincial governors. Although Waday is mainly a pastoral country, rich in horses and flocks, it has a considerable commerce, which is subject to a large tax. The principal articles of trade are salt, copper, fine cloths, harnesses, coats of mail, beads, calico, paper, needles, ivory (mainly from Dar Runga, a vassal state which forms the S. E. corner of the sultan's dominions), and tobacco. It appears that VOL. XVI.-27.

ralized. He became known by his archæological explorations in Asia Minor, in 1865 was elected to the academy of inscriptions and to the legislative body, and in 1871 to the national assembly, and again in 1876, when he became minister of public instruction and fine arts, which former office he had held under Thiers from May 19 till May 24, 1873. His first wife died in 1852; in 1875 he married Miss King of New York. His works include Voyage en

Asie Mineure au point de vue numismatique | New York. He printed and circulated, at his (1850); Mélanges de numismatique et de phi- own expense, publications on the subject of lologie (1861); Edit de Diocletien (1864); the education, employed persons to lecture on it, Greek and Latin inscriptions in the continua- and offered premiums to the towns which tion of Philippe Le Bas's Voyage archéologique should first establish school libraries. As early en Grèce et en Asie Mineure (1868); and Fastes as 1811 he proposed the establishment of nordes provinces asiatiques de l'empire romain de- mal schools. He procured the enactment of the puis leur origine jusqu'au règne de Dioclétien school library law in 1838, founded a library (1872 et seq.). and institution for scientific lectures at Geneseo and endowed it with $10,000, and in his sales of land always stipulated that a tract of 125 acres in each township should be granted free for a church, and another of the same size for a school. His donations to the cause of education exceeded $90,000.-His son JAMES SAMUEL, born in 1807, distinguished himself by patriotism and philanthropy, and was mortally wounded in the battle of the Wilderness, where he commanded a division, May 6, 1864, and died on the 8th.

WADE, Benjamin Franklin, an American statesman, born in Springfield, Mass., Oct. 27, 1800. He worked as a farmer or laborer in summer and school teacher in winter till 1826, when he began to study law in Ohio, and in 1828 was admitted to the bar in Ashtabula co., where he has ever since resided. In 1835 he was elected prosecuting attorney of that county, and in 1837 to the state senate, to which he was twice reëlected. In 1847 he was chosen president judge of the third judicial district of the state. In 1851 he was elected United States senator, and reëlected in 1857 and 1863. In the senate Mr. Wade was a steady opponent of all measures favoring slavery. In 1852 he voted, with only five other senators, to repeal the fugi- | tive slave law; he also spoke and voted against the bill to abrogate the Missouri compromise, against the Lecompton constitution for Kansas in 1858, against appropriating $30,000,000 for the acquisition of Cuba, and against all the compromises between the north and south proposed after Mr. Lincoln's election in 1860. The homestead bill he advocated for years, and it was in his charge when it was finally passed by the senate in 1862. From the outbreak of the civil war in 1861 Mr. Wade labored incessantly for a more vigorous policy, was chairman of the joint committee on the conduct of the war, and urged the enactment of a law to confiscate all the property of leading secessionists and emancipate their slaves. As chairman of the territorial committee, he reported a bill in 1862 abolishing slavery in all the territories of the government, and prohibiting it in any that might afterward be acquired. After the assassination of President Lincoln in 1865 he became president pro tempore of the senate, and acting vice president of the United States; and in March, 1867, he was elected president of the senate. In 1871 he was one of the commission sent to Santo Domingo to report upon its proposed annexation to the United States, a scheme of which he approved.

WADENA, a W. central county of Minnesota, drained by the Crow Wing river; area, 540 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 6; in 1875, 210. The surface is rolling and consists cheifly of prairies. Capital, Wadena.

WADSWORTH, James, an American philanthropist, born in Durham, Conn., April 20, 1768, died in Geneseo, N. Y., June 8, 1844. He graduated at Yale college in 1787, and in 1790 removed with his brother to the Genesee river, purchasing a large tract of land in what is now the town of Geneseo. In time he became one of the richest land proprietors in

WAGER, in law, a contract by which two parties agree that a certain thing shall be done by one for the benefit of the other, on the happening or not happening of a contingent event. Wagers were certainly valid contracts at common law, but from early ages many exceptions were made. They were void if immoral, or opposed to public policy, or indecent, or tending to restrain or prevent marriage. In the United States, the objection has been extended to any wager about the age, height, weight, wealth, situation, or circumstances of any person, of any age or either sex. So, too, all wagers are void, and perhaps punishable, if such as to interfere with the free and honest exercise of the elective franchise. By the statute 8 and 9 Victoria, ch. 100, sec. 18, all wagers are null and void. Many of the states have similar statutes, and the general tendency of adjudication has been in the direction of making all wagers nullities. It may be said to be the general rule that money deposited on a wager may be recalled before the event is decided, and in many, perhaps in a majority of the states, at any time before it has been paid over. In some states by statute anything won on a wager and actually paid over may be recovered by the loser, and wagers, particularly on elections, are made punishable as offences. In Missouri, New York, and Wisconsin, by constitutional provisions, and in some other states by statutes, wagers on an election disqualify the parties making them from voting at that election. It may be doubted now whether an action by a winner of a mere wager or bet against a loser would be sustained in any court.

WAGER OF BATTLE. See APPEAL, vol. i., p. 596.

WAGER OF LAW. See CRIMINAL Law, vol. v., p. 487.

WAGNER. I. Richard (originally WILHELM RICHARD), a German composer, born in Leipsic, May 22, 1813. His father was an actuary of police, and died when the son was a few months old. Richard received an incomplete scholastic education, though his mind had a

literary cast, and at the Dresden Kreuzschule | house. During the time that he held this office he was considered an apt scholar. When 12 he brought out his "Flying Dutchman" and years old he wrote plays. His thoughts were composed Tannhäuser, which was produced in first fixed upon music as his profession at October, 1845, but received only two reprethe age of 15, on becoming acquainted with sentations. Failing in this, he began to comBeethoven's symphonies. His first systema- pose Lohengrin, an opera still more identified tic studies were made under Theodor Weinlig with his peculiar views of art. It was about while he was a student at the university of to be produced at Dresden in 1849 when the Leipsic. The first of his compositions of revolutionary outbreak in Saxony took place. which he speaks was a comédie champêtre, Wagner had always held extremely liberal politwritten under the inspiration of the "Pas- ical principles, having even in 1830 identified toral Symphony." This was never performed, himself at the university with the liberal party. but in 1833 a symphony written by him was He was an active leader in the movement, and presented at a concert in Leipsic; and in the when it was suppressed took refuge in Zürich same year he wrote a romantic opera entitled and became a citizen of the canton. In 1850 Die Feen ("The Fairies"). In the summer of he was appointed director of the Zürich musi1834 he became musical director at the Magde- cal society and of the orchestra at the theatre. burg theatre, where in 1836 he brought out Here he remained till 1858, composing while his opera Das Liebesverbot, of which the words there Tristan und Isolde and a portion of his and music were both his own, and which great series of operas founded on the Nibelunfailed. He consequently resigned his place, genlied. Wagner had a steadfast friend and and became musical director at Königsberg, adherent in Franz Liszt, under whose direcwhere in 1836 he married. He soon after tion and through whose efforts Lohengrin was removed to Riga, where he remained, direct- first produced at Weimar, Aug. 28, 1850; and ing the music at the theatre, till 1839. To subsequently others of Wagner's works were prepare himself for a favorable reception in given in the same city. After an absence of Paris, he wrote in 1838 the beginning of a nearly ten years Wagner, having received a more elaborate opera than any he had pre- political pardon from the king of Saxony, took viously composed, called Rienzi. On arriving up his residence at Munich, where in King in 1839 at the French capital he found that the Louis of Bavaria he soon found an earnest want of means and influence interrupted all adherent and powerful patron. Through his his plans. Meyerbeer the composer and Mau- aid the Tristan und Isolde was produced unrice Schlesinger, a music publisher and jour- der Von Bülow's direction in June, 1865; Die nalist, befriended him, and the latter gave him Meistersinger von Nürnberg in June, 1868; first employment, and afterward the opportu- Das Rheingold in 1869; and Die Walküre in nity of putting forward his claim to artistic re- 1870. In 1861 an attempt had been made to cognition. He published songs, but their eccen- obtain a hearing for the Tannhäuser at the tric forms prevented their success. Schlesinger grand opera of Paris, but, in spite of the also procured for Wagner a commission to favor of the emperor, so intense and unreawrite an overture for the société des concerts, soning was the prejudice against the composer upon which he prepared his Faust, which was that his work met with deliberately planned rehearsed once and then set aside, the society opposition, and was withdrawn after the third not hazarding the experiment of producing so representation. In Vienna in 1862 it was eccentric a work. He also prepared vaude- received with great favor. In 1870 Wagner ville music for the minor theatres, until it was married his second wife, Casina von Bülow, intimated that his compositions were alto- a daughter of Liszt, who had been divorced gether too fantastic for the purpose. Writing from Hans von Bülow in 1869. In this year of these hard experiences, Wagner says he conceived the idea of erecting a theatre in "Manifold difficulties and very bitter want en- which the four operas which he had built up compassed my life at this period." He worked on the myths of the Nibelungenring might be nevertheless with the courage of despair at his produced. He found the stage as it existed Rienzi, which he completed. For his support in Germany out of sympathy with his ideas he made "instrumental arrangements of every of true German art, and so hampered by forimaginable kind, down to those for the cornet eign traditions that neither the directors nor à piston," and contributed articles on German the audiences could be relied on to support music to the Gazette musicale. He also set him in the experiment he was determined on about the composition of the music to his opera making, of founding an opera that should be Der fliegende Holländer ("The Flying Dutch- thoroughly German in its spirit and purpose, man"), which he completed in seven weeks having its motive in the traditional poetry of and sent to Meyerbeer at Berlin, where sub- Germany, and entirely abandoning the musisequently it was produced. Wagner went to cal forms that Italy and France had impressed Dresden in the spring of 1842, and in Octo- upon the opera. In order to secure a certain ber of that year his Rienzi was there brought isolation and a new field, he fixed upon the litout. Its success procured for its composer the tle city of Baireuth in Bavaria as the place in Prussian order of the red eagle and the po- which to carry out his undertaking. În May, sition of chapelmaster at the Dresden opera 1871, he issued a circular addressed to "the

The

(1854), which involved him in a controversy WAGRAM, a village of Lower Austria, on the with Karl Vogt and others of the materialistic left bank of the Rossbach, 11 m. N. E. of Vischool, of which he was one of the most emi- cnna, celebrated for a decisive victory of Nanent opponents; Der Kampf um die Seele (Göt-poleon, July 5-6, 1809, over the Austrians, tingen, 1857); and Vorstudien zu einer wissen- commanded by the archduke Charles. schaftlichen Morphologie und Physiologie des loss was about 25,000 on each side. The immenschlichen Gehirns als Seelenorgans (2 vols., mediate result of the battle was the retreat of 1861-3). II. Moritz Friedrich, a German natu- the Austrians to the heights of Znaym. After ralist, brother of the preceding, born in Bai- a second engagement an armistice was conreuth, Oct. 3, 1813. He was engaged in busi- cluded on July 12, followed by the peace of ness till 1834, after which he studied zoology Vienna, negotiated at the palace of Schönand other sciences at Erlangen and Munich. brunn, Oct. 14. Berthier, for his share in the The French government adjoined him to the victory, was created prince of Wagram. scientific commission in Algeria (1837-'8), and WAH. See PANDA. after studying geology at Göttingen he was enabled by the academy of Berlin to explore for three years the Black sea region, the Caucasus, Armenia, Kurdistan, and Persia, and made extensive collections of natural history, which are now in the museums of Paris, Vienna, and Munich. In company with Scherzer he travelled in the United States, Central America, and the West Indies in 1852-'5; and at the instance of King Maximilian II. of Bavaria he explored the province of Chiriqui and other parts of the isthmus of Panama in 1857'8, and the E. part of the Andes in Ecuador in 1859. In 1860 he was appointed honorary professor at the university of Munich and director of the ethnographical museum. Subsequently he became known by his theories of migration in connection with those of Darwin. His works include Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier (3 vols., Leipsic, 1841); Der Kaukasus und das Land der Kosacken (2 vols., 1847); Reise nach Kolchis (1850); Reise nach dem Ararat und dem Hochlande Armeniens (Stuttgart, 1850); and Reise nach Persien und dem Lande der Kurden (2 vols., Leipsic, 1852; English translation, "Travels in Persia, Georgia, and Koordistan, with Sketches of the Cossacks and the Caucasus," 3 vols., London, 1854). He has also written, jointly with Scherzer, Reisen in Nordamerika (3 vols., Leipsic, 1854), and Die Republik Costa-Rica (1856).

WAGNER, Rudolf Johannes, a German chemist, born in Leipsic, Feb. 13, 1823. He was at first a practical pharmaceutist and chemist, afterward studied chemistry in Leipsic and Paris, and visited the principal factories and laboratories in Europe. In 1851 he became professor of chemistry in Nuremberg, and in 1856 of technology at Würzburg; and in 1858 he was also appointed inspector of technical studies in Bavaria. He is famous as a technologist, and has several times been a member of the juries at international exhibitions. His works include Lehrbuch der Chemie (1850); Lehrbuch der chemischen Technologie (1850); Geschichte der Chemie (1854); Handbuch der Technologie (5 vols., 1856-'63); and Die chemische Fabrikindustrie (1867). They have all passed through several editions, and some, including the "Handbook of Technology," have been translated into English. He is editor of the Jahresberichte über chemische Technologie (21st year, 1876).

WAHABEES, or Wahabites, an Arabian sect of Mohammedans, founded by Abd-el-Wahab in the middle of the 18th century in Nedjed, which, previous to the death of its founder in 1787, spread over a considerable portion of the Arabian peninsula. In 1805 only Hadramaut and Oman remained free from subjection to it, Mecca having been taken by the Wahabite armies in 1803, and Medina in 1804. The temporal power of the Wahabees was largely reduced by the Porte in 1818, when their sheikh Abdallah, the great-grandson of Saoud, the friend and protector of Abd-el-Wahab, was compelled to surrender to Ibrahim Pasha, the son of Mehemet Ali, and was taken to Constantinople and executed. The sect still exists, and is paramount in central Arabia, where, according to Palgrave, the dominions of the sultan of the Wahabees embrace not only Nedjed proper, but the adjacent provinces, and include 316 towns or villages, with a population of 1,219,000 in 1863.-Wahab reduced Mohammedanism to a pure deism; maintained that there had been no man directly inspired of God; that Moses and Jesus were virtuous men, but inferior in the perfection of their character to Mohammed, who however had no claim to be worshipped, since he was not of the divine nature. There is, according to his instruction, no revealed religion, no divine book; the Koran is a good book indeed, but not a revelation from God; the Mohammedan re- • ligion is entitled to be called a divine religion, not as revealed by God to man, but because of its perfection. All reverence for the tomb or the birthplace of Mohammed, or any other saint, was in his view idolatry, and the worship of the prophet's tomb was prohibited while the Wahabees held Medina. hammed preached for all nations, and not for the Arabs alone; his doctrines were approved of God, and were to be propagated by the sword, and all who would not adopt them or who neglected compliance with them were to be severely punished or put to death. Traditions are not to be regarded as binding on the conscience. Good works are only the consequence of the rule that we should adore God as if he were present to our eyes; and though we cannot see him, we must know that he sees us. The use of wine, opium, or tobacco was sternly prohibited, and the immoral prac

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