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ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.

ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

Among the Contributors to the Sixteenth Volume of the Revised Edition are the following:

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Prof. C. W. BENNETT, D. D., Syracuse Univer- HENRY S. DRINKER, E. M., Philadelphia.

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THE

AMERICAN CYCLOPÆDIA.

TROMBONE

TROMSO

ROMBONE, a brass wind instrument, sup- | From 1656 to 1662 he lived in retirement. In

but, which constitutes one form of the trumpet. By means of sliding tubes great depth and power of tone are produced, and the instrument is capable of splendid effect. Trombones are of three kinds, alto, tenor, and bass; the first having a compass from C, the second space in the bass, to G, an octave above the treble clef; the second from B, the second line in the bass, to A, the second space in the treble; and the third from C, an octave below the second space in the bass, to G, the second line in the treble.

TROMP. I. Maarten Harpertzoon van, a Dutch admiral, born in Briel in 1597, killed in battle, July 31 (N. S., Aug. 10), 1653. In his boyhood he was captured by the English in a battle off the Guinea coast, in which his father was killed. Subsequently he was prominent on various occasions, especially under Admiral Heijn. In 1639, as admiral of Holland, he inflicted great damage upon the Spanish fleet near Gravelines, and in October he gained a most decisive victory over a powerful Spanish squadron under Oquendo in the Downs, for which he was made a noble of France. Against the English fleet in 1652 he was at first unsuccessful in the Downs, and was superseded by De Ruyter, but was soon reinstated as chief commander. He signally defeated Blake near the Goodwin Sands, Nov. 29, but was intercepted by him off Portland island, Feb. 18, 1653, suffered a heavy loss, and retreated. He was killed in an encounter off the Dutch coast with the English fleet under Monk, and was buried with great splendor at Delft. II. Cornelis van, a Dutch admiral, son of the preceding, born in Rotterdam, Sept. 9, 1629, died in Amsterdam, May 29, 1691. He early operated against the African pirates and against the English in the Mediterranean, and when 21 years old was made vice admiral.

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Opdam was beaten by the English off Solebay, Van Tromp conducted a masterly retreat. He was appointed commander-in-chief in the absence of De Ruyter, and under him he displayed great valor in the encounter with the English_in_the Downs in June, 1666; but on July 25 (N. S., Aug. 4) he was cut off from the main squadron, and was unable to come to the relief of De Ruyter, who accordingly insisted upon his removal. He was reinstated in 1673, during the war with the allied French and English, in which he gained new laurels. After the restoration of peace with England in 1675 he was cordially received in that country, and Charles II. made him a baronet. On De Ruyter's death in 1676 he succeeded him in the highest naval rank, but afterward served for some time with great distinction under the Danish government.

TROMSÖ. I. The northernmost stift or diocese of Norway, bordering on the Arctic and Atlantic oceans; area, 42,687 sq. m.; pop. in 1865, 155,335. It is divided into the bailiwicks of Nordland, Tromsö, and Finmark, and includes the Loffoden islands, celebrated for magnificent scenery and extensive cod and herring fisheries. (See LOFFODEN.) There is little agriculture, the main means of subsistence being derived from fisheries. II. A town, capital of the diocese, on an island in the sound of Tromsö, between the island of Kvalö and the mainland; lat. 69° 38′ N., lon. 19° E.; pop. about 4,000. It is the seat of a governor, and has several schools, a church, a Lappish printing office, and a hospital chiefly for lepers. The seat of the bishop has been removed to Alstahoug. The town was founded in 1794, and has an active shipping trade and an excellent harbor sheltered by mountains. Many vessels belonging here are engaged in the walrus fishery at Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen.

TRONDHJEM, or Throndhjem. See DRONTHEIM. TROOPIAL (Fr. troupiale), a name given to several species of the icterina and agelaine, subfamilies of American conirostral birds, in some respects resembling the starlings of the old world, and in others coming near the finches; they have the nine primaries of the finches, but the bill is larger, straight, the base with

Common Troopial (Icterus vulgaris).

ont bristles, and the tip without a notch. The name is derived from their habit of associating in large troops. In the ictering the bill is generally longer than the head, straight and sharppointed; wings long and pointed, and tail usually wedge-shaped; toes moderate and formed for perching. The prevailing colors are yellow or orange and black; they are generally called orioles in North America, and a well known species has been described under BALTIMORE BIRD; hang-nest is a name derived from their habit of suspending the nest from the extremity of slender branches.-The common troopial (icterus vulgaris, Daud.) is about 10 in. long, with a straight bill; back and abdomen yellow; head, neck all round, breast, and tail black; a white band on the wings; feathers of throat elongated and pointed; it is a native of northern South America and the West Indies, sometimes coming to the south

Cassican (Cassicus).

ern United States. They move in flocks, sometimes mingled with other species, and show a great partiality to the neighborhood of man; they are excellent fliers, and equally at home on the ground or in trees; they are loquacious at all seasons; their flesh is excellent. There are several other species in Mexico, Texas, and

I. Central America. The orchard troopial (I. spurius, Bonap.) very much resembles the Baltimore oriole in the pattern of its colors, the orange red of the latter being replaced by dark chestnut, the tail entirely black and more graduated, and the bill slenderer and more curved.

The only other genus of the icterina which can be mentioned here is cassicus (Cuv.), so called from cassis, a helmet, the bill rising on the forehead in a crescent shape; nostrils basal, naked, pierced in the substance of the bill; third and fourth quills longest, and tail long and graduated; tarsi and toes strongly scaled. There are about 20 species, peculiar to tropical America, living in the forests and also near human habitations, in vast troops; they eat fruits, berries, insects, and larvæ. The nest is most ingeniously woven by both sexes, made of fibres and dried grasses, of a cylindrical or gourd-like form, and sometimes 3 ft. long; the lower part is hemispherical, the opening near the top, and the fabric suspended from the ends of slender twigs of high trees, out of the reach of monkeys and snakes; many nests are made on one tree, and sometimes those of different species together. They are docile in captivity, and learn to whistle and to articulate words; they are generally black, contrasted with bright yellow, especially toward the tail.-In the subfamily agelaina the bill is stout, short, conical, nearly straight, and sharp-pointed; tarsi as long as the middle toe; toes long and slender, and claws long and curved. Some of the birds of this subfamily have been described under BLACKBIRD, BOBOLINK, and Cow BIRD, species respectively of the genera agelaius (Vieill.), dolichonyx (Swains.), and molothrus (Swains.).

TROOST, Gerard, an American chemist and geologist, born in Bois-le-Duc, Holland, March 15, 1776, died in Nashville, Tenn., Aug. 14, 1850. He was educated at the university of Leyden, and in 1809 was sent by Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland, on a tour of scientific observation in Java. The capture of the vessel by a privateer interrupted this undertaking, and in 1810 he settled in Philadelphia. He was one of the founders of the academy of natural history, and its first president from 1812 to 1817. In 1814 he established the first alum works in the United States; and in 1825, having held for a short time the professorship of chemistry in the college of pharmacy in Philadelphia, he joined Robert Owen's community at New Harmony. In 1828 he was appointed professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology in the university of Nashville, and in 1831 geologist of the state of Tennessee. He published reports on the geology of Tennessee, and memoirs on geology and mineralogy.

TROPEOLUM. See NASTURTIUM.

TROPIC BIRD (phaëton, Linn.), a genus of web-footed oceanic birds, constituting the family phaetonida. They have a long, strong, pointed bill, broad at the base, slightly curved, without nail and the edges finely serrated;

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