of Capricorn, from their touching the ecliptic in the first points of those signs. (See CANCER, and CAPRICORN.) It is between the tropics that the sun's path is circumscribed, its annual movement being from one to the other and back again in the ecliptic.-In geography, the tropics, also known as that of Cancer and that of Capricorn, are the two parallels of latitude (about 23° 28' N. and S.) over which the sun is vertical at the solstices. (See SOLSTICE.) nostrils at base of bill, lateral, and pervious; face covered with feathers; wings long and pointed, the first primary the longest; tarsi short and strong, feet small, and toes fully webbed; hind toe small; tail with two long, straw-like feathers, whence the French name paille en queue or straw-tail; sailors call them boatswain bird and marlinspike. In habits and appearance they come near the gulls and terns; they are chiefly confined to the tropics. Their powers of flight are great, and they are TROPLONG, Raymond Théodore, a French juusually seen at considerable distances from rist, born at St. Gaudens, Haute-Garonne, Oct. land; they live almost entirely on the wing, 8, 1795, died in Paris, March 2, 1869. He and, when they do not return to the distant early held important judicial offices. In 1846 shore to roost, rest upon the surface of the he was made a peer, in 1848 first president of ocean; they are excellent swimmers. The the court of Paris, and in 1852 of the court food consists of fish and other marine animals, of cassation. In 1852 he was made a senator, which they dart upon from a great height; and in 1854 president of the senate. His printhey are fond of following the shoals of flying cipal work, Le Code civil expliqué (28 vols., fish, seizing them as they emerge from the sea. 1833-'58), is a collection of treatises in continuThey are not larger in the body than a pigeon, ation of Toullier's Commentaire du Code civil, though longer; they congregate in considerable many of which have been published separately. numbers at their breeding places, on rocky shores and desert islands, placing the nest on Tropic Bird (Phaeton æthereus). the ground or in holes in trees; the eggs are two; their flesh is fishy and tough. The common tropic bird (P. æthereus, Linn.) is about 30 in. long and 38 in. in alar extent; it is of a satiny white, the wings banded with black, and the head, back, and wings tinged with cream color or light pink; first five primaries black on the outer webs, and the shafts of the long tail feathers black to near the end, where they are white; a black mark over eyes to occiput; bill orange red and iris brown; tarsus and toes yellow at base, webs and claws black. It sometimes comes near the Florida coast, but is usually seen in the tropical Atlantic far from land. The long tail feathers of the P. phanicurus (Gmel.), inhabiting the tropical Pacific, are bright red, and are used as ornaments by the South sea islanders. TROPICS (Gr. Tрoh, a turning), in astronomy, two circles parallel to the equator, at such distance from it as is equal to the greatest recession of the sun from it toward the poles, or to the sun's greatest declination. That in the northern hemisphere is called the tropic of Cancer, and that in the southern the tropic TROPPAU, a city and the capital of Austrian Silesia, on the Oppa, 35 m. N. E. of Olmütz; pop. in 1870, 16,608. It has six Catholic churches, a palace, a gymnasium with a large library, a museum, and manufactories of beet sugar, flax, and cloth. A congress of sovereigns was held here from Oct. 20 to Dec. 20, 1820, preliminary to that of Laybach.The former duchy of Troppau, having been divided into the principalities of Troppau and Jägerndorf, was partly annexed to Prussia in Frederick the Great's conquest of Silesia, and forms the S. W. part of Prussian Silesia, with Leobschütz, of the Jägerndorf division, as capital. The territory which remained to Austria after the peace of 1763 constitutes most of the N. part of Austrian Silesia, comprising, besides the capital, Jägerndorf and other manufacturing towns. TROUBADOURS. See PROVENÇAL LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE. TROUP, a W. county of Georgia, bordering on Alabama, and intersected by the Chattahoochee river; area, about 370 sq. m.; pop. in 1870, 17,632, of whom 11,224 were colored. The surface is hilly and the soil generally fertile. It is intersected by the Atlanta and West Point railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 26,645 bushels of wheat, 162,946 of Indian corn, 34,514 of oats, 29,290 of sweet potatoes, and 9,963 bales of cotton. There were 680 horses, 1,698 mules and asses, 1,519 milch cows, 3,027 other cattle, 1,203 sheep, and 6,516 swine; 1 manufactory of boots and shoes, 2 of cotton goods, 1 of iron castings, 2 of machinery, and 3 saw mills. Capital, La Grange. TROUP, George McIntosh, an American statesman, born on the Tombigbee river, Sept. 8, 1780, died in Laurens co., Ga., May 3, 1856. He graduated at Princeton college in 1797, was admitted to the bar, and at the age of 21 was elected to the state legislature. Between 1807 and 1815 he was a representative in congress from Georgia, and in 1816 was elected a Uni ted States senator. From 1823 to 1827 he was governor of the state, and in 1829 was a second time elected to the United States senate, from which he retired before the expiration of his term, on account of ill health. He was one of the most earnest and able of the advocates of state sovereignty. His life was written by E. J. Harden (Savannah, 1859). TROUSDALE, a N. county of Middle Tennessee, intersected in the S. E. by the Cumberland river; area, about 110 sq. m. It has been formed since the census of 1870 from portions of Macon, Smith, Sumner, and Wilson counties. The greater part of the surface is made up of valleys separated by ridges, the soil of both being productive. The timber consists of poplar, white oak, walnut, &c., but is not abundant. Blue grass is abundant. The staples are corn, wheat, tobacco, and hay. Capital, Hartsville. TROUSSEAU, Armand, a French physician, born in Tours, Oct. 14, 1801, died June 23, 1867. He graduated in medicine at Paris in 1825. In 1828 he was sent by government to investigate endemic and epidemic diseases prevalent in the central departments of France, and the yellow fever at Gibraltar. In 1831 he was appointed hospital physician; in 1837 he received the grand prize of the academy of medicine for a treatise on phthisis laryngea; and in 1839 he was appointed professor of therapeutics and materia medica in the faculty of medicine. He was prominent in introducing and establishing the practice of tracheotomy in croup and paracentesis thoracis in cases of dangerous or long continued pleuritic effusion. His most important works are Traité élémentaire de thérapeutique et de matière médicale (Paris, 1836; 8th ed., 2 vols., 1867), which was translated into English, Spanish, and Italian, and Nouvelles recherches sur la trachéotomie dans la période extrème du croup (1851). TROUT, a name popularly restricted to the species of the salmon family inhabiting exclusively or principally fresh water, and embracing members of the three subgenera of the old genus salmo made by Valenciennes, viz., salmo, fario, and salar; the family characters have been given under SALMON. The salmon trouts belong to the genus fario (Val.), having one row of teeth on the vomer, the true salmons having the palate smooth; the species are so called from the redness of the flesh, but all the trouts have this color at some epoch of their lives, depending probably on their food. The salmon trout of Earope (F. argenteus, Val.; salmo trutta, Linn.), called also white or sea trout, is found in the larger lakes and rivers of that continent; it varies considerably in color, like all of the family, according to the character of the water and the quality of the food; it is greenish gray or bluish black above, lighter on the sides, and silvery white below, with a few black spots above the lateral line; it attains a length of 2 to 24 ft., and, being abundant in the markets of London and Paris, is next in value to the salmon, which it resembles in habits. The so-called sea trout of the gulf of St. Lawrence (salmo immaculatus, H. R. Storer) has the flesh of a fine pink color and superior flavor; the color is seagreen above, lower parts and the fins white; it rarely exceeds a weight of 7 lbs.; it probably belongs to the genus fario. There are several species called salmon trout in lakes shut off from the sea and near the mouths of the rivers of Maine. The spots of trout resist the action of heat and even of alcohol for a long time.The common brook or speckled trout of North America (salmo fontinalis, Mitch.) is from 8 to 20 in. long, pale brownish above with darker reticulated markings; sides lighter, with numerous circular yellow spots, many with a bright red spot in the centre; white or yellowish white below; the first ray of pectorals, ventrals, and anal edged with white and black, with the rest of these fins reddish. It is found abundantly in the streams of the British provinces, the New England, middle, and western states, and is everywhere highly esteemed as food; it is rarely taken weighing more than 1 lb.; the markings vary considerably according to locality and season; in New Bruns Speckled Trout (Salmo fontinalis). wick and Nova Scotia it descends to the sea when it can; it is the same species from Labrador to Pennsylvania and Ohio. It is a great favorite with anglers; it is taken by the hook and line baited with a minnow, shrimp, worm, or artificial fly; in narrow streams, just before the spawning season, when it is little inclined to bite, it may be caught by titillation, by passing the hand carefully under the tail, and, as the tickling is gently performed, slowly moving it toward the head, until by a sudden grasp it is seized and landed.-In the genus salmo belongs also the char of the British and Swiss lakes (S. umbla, Linn.), usually 9 to 12 in. long, but sometimes 18 or 20 in.; it is umber-brown above, the sides lighter with numerous red spots, the lower parts and fins reddish orange; it varies like all other trouts, and occasionally attains a larger size than the above; it frequents the deep part of the lakes, feeds chiefly at night, and affords but little sport to the angler. Its American representative is the S. oquassa (Girard) of the great lakes of Maine.-In the genus salar (Val.) there are two rows of teeth on the vomer. The common European brook trout (salar fario, Val.) is usually 10 to 14 in. long, though sometimes considerably larger, even to a weight of 15 lbs.; it is shorter and stouter than the salmon, yellowish brown above, passing to yellow on the sides, and silvery below, the back spotted with reddish brown and the sides with bright red; the young are transversely banded; deformed specimens are frequently seen. The colors are brightest in rapid streams with rocky or gravelly bottom; the flavor is finest from the end of May to the end of September, soon after which the spawning season begins. This species is highly prized by anglers, and especially fly-fishers. As it is fond of swiftly running waters, and swims almost always against the current, the bait must be thrown up stream. The eggs are deposited in nests or holes in the sand, as with the salmon. The gray trout of the North American great lakes, from the northern United States to the Arctic ocean, is the S. namaycush of Valenciennes, and the salmo amethystus of Mitchill and De Kay; it is called togue by the Canadian lumbermen, and from its size and voracity the tyrant of the lakes; it is greenish ashy above with yellowish gray spots, and below white with bluish reflections; the average weight is 12 to 20 lbs., though it attains sometimes more than twice this size. The siskiwit (S. siscowet, Ag.) belongs to the genus salar (Val.); it is of large size, stout and thick, of a rich flavor, but so fat as to be almost unfit for food; for description and figure see Agassiz's "Lake Superior," p. 333 (8vo, Boston, 1850). The trout, both in Europe and America, is a favorite subject for pisciculture, from the ease with which artificial fecundation of the eggs can be effected; but it has as yet been practised here on a small scale only; the labor and expense attending a large vivarium of trout are very small, while the remuneration may be made very large. For an illustrated account of the manner of hatching trout artificially, see "American Naturalist," vol. iii., p. 202, and vol. iv., p. 601 (1870). TROUVILLE, a French watering place, in the department of Calvados, Normandy, prettily situated at the foot of a hill near a forest, at the mouth of the Touques in the English channel, 107 m. W. N. W. of Paris; pop. in 1872, 5,761. Until recently it was a small fishing village. The bathing season begins in June, and lasts till the middle of October. Deauville, a rival watering place, is on the opposite bank. TROVER (Fr. trouver, to find), the name of an action at law in common use in England and in the United States, to determine the ownership of property. The plaintiff declares, in substance, that he was lawfully possessed of a certain article on a certain day, and lost the same; that it came into the possession of the defendant by finding; and that the defendant has refused to deliver it to the plaintiff, and has converted it to his own use. This action is one form of trespass on the case. (See TRESPASS.) In the distant age when it was first used, the declaration may have narrated accurately the facts of the case; but for a long time the losing and finding have been regarded as mere legal fictions, which the defendant is not at liberty to deny. The action is maintainable: 1, where the property in question is a personal chattel; 2, where the plaintiff had a general or special property in the thing with a right of possession; 3, where the defendant has wrongfully converted the thing to his own use, which conversion may be proved by his wrongful taking of it, or his wrongful detention of it, or his wrongful use or misuse of it. The action demands not the thing itself, but damages for the wrongful conversion; and if the plaintiff recovers, the damages should be measured by the value of the thing at the time of the conversion, with interest, and the judgment is for these damages and costs. TROWBRIDGE, John Townsend, an American author, born in Ogden, Monroe co., N. Y., Sept. 18, 1827. At the age of 20 he went to Boston, connected himself with the public press, and became known as a writer of popular stories. With Lucy Larcom he edited "Our Young Folks" till January, 1874. He has published "Father Brighthopes, or an Old Clergyman's Vacation," "Burr Cliff, its Sunshine and its Clouds," and "Hearts and Faces" (1853); "Martin Merrivale, his X Mark" (1854); “Iron Thorpe" (1855); "Neighbor Jackwood" (1857); "The Old Battle Ground (1859); "The Drummer Boy;" "The Vagabonds" (1863, and with other poems, 1869); "Cudjo's Cave" (1864); "The Three Scouts" (1865); "Lucy Arlyn," "Coupon Bonds," and "The South: a Tour of its Battle Fields and Ruined Cities" (1866); "Neighbors' Wives" (1867); "The Story of Columbus" (1869); "Laurence's Adventures (1870); "Jack Hazard and his Fortunes" (1871); "A Chance for Himself” (1872); Doing his Best" (1873); "Fast Friends" (1874); and "The Young Surveyor" (1875). TROY (TROJA), the name of an ancient city in the N. W. part of Asia Minor, applied also to its territory. The latter, generally known as the Troad (Troas), comprised for a time the coast lands on the Propontis, Hellespont, Egean sea, and Adramyttian gulf, as far E. as the river Rhodius, the Granicus, or even the sepus, but later, according to Strabo, only the region from the promontory of Lectum to the Hellespont. The city of Troy, also called Ilium ("Iov), according to the Homeric poems, was situated at the foot of Mt. Ida, far enough from the sea to allow of the movements of two large armies, and in a position which commanded a view of the plain before it and of a smaller one behind it. In front of it were two rivers, the Simoïs and Scamander, flowing parallel for some distance, which united and emptied into the Hellespont, between the promontories of Sigeum and Rhoteum. This city, the existence of which is attested only by the traditions of the Trojan war, must be distinguished from the Ilium of history, which, according to Strabo, was founded about the beginning of the 7th century B. C. The for- | escaping with their families.-The opinions mer was afterward designated as Old Ilium, and the latter as New Ilium. The name was shared also by a third place in the same region, the xwun 'Ikiewv, "the village of the Ilians," about 3 m. from New Ilium, which claimed to occupy the site of the original Ilium.-According to the legend, Dardanus was the mythical ancestor of the Trojan kings, who were of the Teucrian race, closely connected with the Mysian. (See MYSIA.) Dardanus's son was Erichthonius, who was succeeded by Tros, and he by Ilus, who founded in the plain of Troy the city of Ilium. Ilus was succeeded by Laomedon, and to him Neptune and Apollo became temporarily subject by command of Jupiter. The former built the walls of the city, and the latter took care of the herds; but when their time of service had expired, Laomedon treacherously refused to pay what was due them. In revenge Neptune sent a sea monster to kill the Trojans and ravage their fields, and the treacherous king in consequence made a public offer of the immortal horses given by Jupiter to Tros to any one who could rid the land of the monster. The oracle declared that a virgin of noble blood must be given up, and the lot fell on Hesione, Laomedon's own daughter; but she was rescued by Hercules, who came at this time and killed the monster. Laomedon gave the hero mortal horses, and the latter, indignant at this perfidy, collected six ships, attacked and captured Troy, killed Laomedon, and placed on the throne Priam, who alone of Laomedon's sons had remonstrated against the perfidy of his father. To him were born by his wife Hecuba a large number of children, one of whom, Paris, brought on by his abduction of Helen, the wife of Menelaus, the memorable siege of Troy. To revenge this outrage, the Greeks spent ten years in the collection of a vast armament, and at the end of that time a fleet of 1,186 ships, containing more than 100,000 men, was assembled at Aulis in Boeotia, and placed under the command of Agamemnon. The Trojans and their allies were driven within the walls of their city, and nine years were spent by the Grecian host in the reduction of the neighboring towns. But the gods now brought on the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles, which proved so disastrous to the Greeks, and with which the narrative of the siege in the Iliad opens. Among the principal Greek heroes in the struggle, besides Agamemnon, Menelaus, and Achilles, were Ulysses, Ajax the son of Telamon, Diomedes, Patroclus, and Palamedes; and among the bravest defenders of Troy, Hector, Sarpedon, and Eneas. The valor of Achilles, who slew Hector in revenge for the death of Patroclus, and the cunning of Ulysses finally prevailed, with the aid of Juno, Minerva, and other divinities hostile to the Trojans; and after a siege of ten years (generally placed at about 1194-1184 B. C.), Troy was utterly destroyed, Eneas and Antenor alone of the principal authorities on the question whether the destruction of Troy was a historical event have been given in the article HOMER; we shall confine ourselves here to reviewing the various attempts made to identify the site of Old Ilium, on the supposition that it once existed. Though it was the popular belief of antiquity that New Ilium had been built on the ruins of the Old, yet that town never rose to importance, and Demetrius of Scepsis and Hestia of Alexandria maintained that the remains of Priam's Ilium were to be found rather in the "village of the Ilians," which opinion was supported also by Strabo. All were agreed that the ancient city stood on the right bank of the Scamander, the modern Mendereh. New Ilium was on the Scamander near the junction of the Simoïs, which is supposed to be represented by the Gumbrek or Dumbrek, about 12 m. long, now entering the Hellespont by a separate channel. The ruins of New Ilium are near the village of Hissarlik, on a small hill. The ancient historians Hellanicus, Xenophon, and Arrian identified this hill as the citadel of Pergamus; and Xerxes and Alexander, and the Roman consuls and emperors, here offered hecatombs to the Minerva of Ilium and the Trojan heroes. But Horace and Lucan, as well as other Roman authors, were firmly convinced that the knowledge of the site of Homeric Troy had entirely perished. In 1785 Le Chevalier discovered on the left bank of the Mendereh, near the village of Bunarbashi, about 5 m. S. of New Ilium, a hot and a cold spring or fountain, which he supposed to be those mentioned in the Iliad. Beyond these springs is a hill, the Balidagh, steep and lofty, with some ruins on its summit, which he identified with ancient Troy and the citadel of Pergamus. His view was speedily adopted by Heyne, and afterward by Welcker, J. G. von Hahn, Choiseul-Gouffier, Texier, Forchhammer, Tozer, Leake, E. Curtius, and the majority of Greek archæologists and philologists, who until recently warmly defended it as the only possible means of harmonizing the Homeric text with the chorography and topography of the Troad. But the excavations made on the Balidagh brought to light only a few terra cotta figures, lamps, pottery, and coins of no ancient date, without revealing the foundations of a town or city. In 1871-3 the German traveller Schliemann undertook to excavate at his own expense the hill of Hissarlik. (See SCHLIEMANN.) He dug to a depth of about 50 ft., and encountered several layers of ruins, each of which he considered to be the remains of a distinct city, one built on the ruins of the other. He unearthed a vast number of arms, household utensils, and ornaments of various degrees of workmanship and kinds of material. He produced a treasure of vases and various ornaments of gold, amber, and silver, which he thinks belonged to Priam, the Trojan king. He maintains that he has laid bare the palace | There is a daily line of steamers to New York in summer. In the centre of the city is the union railroad depot, one of the largest struc 240 ft., with walls at the sides 27 ft. high supporting the roof in a single arch. All the railroad lines centre at this depot, and 60 trains arrive at or depart from it daily. The river is spanned by a bridge 1,600 ft. long, which is provided with two carriageways, a railway, and a walk for foot passengers, and also by a new iron bridge for pedestrians and carriages, costing $250,000.-The iron manufactures of Troy are of great importance, and by means of them the city has become a controlling point in the iron interest on this side of the Alleghany mountains. One of the largest manufacturing establishments of the country is the Albany and Rensselaer iron and steel company, which owns the Albany iron works, the Rensselaer iron works, Bessemer steel works, the Fort Edward blast furnace, and the Hudson blast furnace. The company employs 1,500 hands, and produces pig iron, merchant and angle iron, merchant steel, nails and spikes, axles, bolts and nuts, boiler rivets, iron and steel rails, horse shoes, &c. The Burden iron works, established in 1813, have an annual ca of this king, the Scean gates before it, the walls of Neptune and Apollo, the streets of the city, houses which must have been two or three stories high, sacrificial altars to Miner-tures of the kind in the United States, 404 by va, and 20 fountains, besides inscriptions of various dates and in several languages and dialects. In view of the fact that but few scholars are yet inclined to consider the existence and destruction of the Homeric Ilium a historical fact, and that almost all authorities are agreed that only the Balidagh near Bunarbashi was chosen by the poet as the central scene of his epic, the results of Schliemann's excavations have so far been looked upon, if not with suspicion, yet with little confidence in the identification which he claims to have made. At present (1876) the opinion generally entertained is that he has accidentally hit upon the site of some unknown Hunnic settlement, Lydian town, or Phoenician trading post. -See Lechevalier, Voyage de la Troade (3 vols., 3d ed., Paris, 1802); Forchhammer, Beschreibung der Ebene von Troja (Frankfort, 1850); Hahn, Die Ausgrabungen auf dem homerischen Pergamos (Leipsic, 1865); Tozer, "Lectures on the Geography of Greece" (London, 1873); and Schliemann, "Troy and its Remains," edited by Dr. Philip Smith (1875). TROY, a city of New York, capital of Rens-pacity of 40,000 tons, and employ 1,400 hands, selaer co., on the E. bank of the Hudson river, at the head of steamboat navigation, and also at the head of tide water, 151 m. by the course of the river N. of New York city, and 6 m. N. of Albany; pop. in 1840, 19,334; in 1850, 28,785; in 1860, 39,235; in 1870, 46,465, of whom 16,219 were foreigners, including 10,877 Irish, 1,699 British Americans, 1,576 English, and 1,174 Germans; in 1875, 48,821. The surface of the city comprises the alluvial flats three fourths of a mile wide on the river, and the hills on the east known as Mt. Ida. Wynant's Kill on the south, and Poesten Kill m. N., break through these hills in narrow ravines and in a series of cascades, the former furnishing 12 mill sites with 2,000 horse power, the latter 10 sites with 1,000 horse power; while the state dam across the Hudson, at the N. part of the city, furnishes 4,000 horse pow producing pig iron, merchant iron, horse and mule shoes, and boiler rivets. The other iron manufactures of the city are carried on by more than 30 firms, and consist of stoves, hollow ware, hot air furnaces, machinery, steam engines, scythes, shovels, malleable iron, safes, butts, hinges, steel springs, agricultural implements, &c. The Troy stamping works manufacture stamped and pressed wares, coal hods, shovels, dampers, &c. The Troy car works are at Green Island, a suburb on the opposite side of the river. The annual product of the shirt and collar (linen and paper) business, which is more extensive here than anywhere else in the United States, and employs more than 30 factories, is valued at $3,000,000, requiring the labor of 6,000 hands, chiefly women. The largest manufactory of mathematical instruments in the United States is in this city, as is also one There is also an immense amount of steam of the largest of the few American globe manpower in use. The pure water with which the ufactories. There are brass founderies, brewcity is supplied by the Troy water works is eries, two distilleries, two bell founderies, a drawn from Piscawin creek into reservoirs cotton mill, carriage factories, a manufactory high enough to carry the water to the top of of stoneware, and several of boots and shoes, most of the houses. A new city hall, costing fire brick, and hosiery.. The total annual value $150,000, is in course of construction. The of the manufactures of Troy is about $10,000,savings bank building is an elegant edifice, 000. The lumber trade is important. There costing $450,000, and there are several fine are ten national banks, with an aggregate capbusiness structures. Troy is situated at the ital of $2,800,000, of which four have savings principal outlet of the Erie and Champlain departments; a state bank, with $300,000 capcanals, and is connected with Lake Champlain ital; and a savings bank, established in 1823. and the north by the Rensselaer and Saratoga,The city is divided into 13 wards, and is and Troy and Boston railroads, the latter con- governed by a mayor and a board of 26 aldernecting it with the east also; with the west men. It has horse railroads and a good fire by the New York Central railroad; with the department. The assessed value of propsouth by the Hudson River railroad; and with erty in 1874 was $15,441.845. The taxation the east by the Boston and Albany railroad. | for city purposes was $575,801 25; for state er. |