a holy city; what glory, order, safety, Christ; but it seems abundantly betand happiness, are there enjoyed by ter to consider it as a real fact, that the multitudes of saints! how per- happened in or before the age of Sofect and durable their state of feli-lomon, Eccles. ix. 14, 15. Jeremiah city! and all of it founded on the was like a defenced city, iron pillar, purchase of Christ! None but holy and brazen wall, against the Jewish persons do ever enter it, nor is aught nation; God preserved his life and but holiness ever practised therein, faithful boldness, notwithstanding Heb. xi. 10, 16. The church on all their threats and persecution, Jer. earth is called a city. How beauti- i. 18. ful the order, laws, and privileges CITY of REFUGE. See REFUGE. thereof! God her King dwells in CITIZEN. (1.) One that is born, her; angels and ministers are her or dwells in a city, Acts xxi. 39. watchmen and guard: believers are (2.) One that has the freedom of her free CITIZENS, entitled to all trade, and other privileges belongthe fulness of God; his salvation, ing to a city; so Paul was a citizen providential preservation, and system of Rome, Acts xxii. 28. (3.) Subof sacred government, are her walls, jects, Luke xix. 14. The saints are Isa. Ixii. 12. She is called a great called citizens, because they are encity, because of her extent, and the titled to all the privileges of the vast number of her members, Rev. church militant and triumphant, xxi. 10. a holy city, because of the Eph. ii. 29. holiness of her founder, laws, ordi- CLAMOUR, quarrelsome and nances, and members, and end of loud talk, Eph. iv. 31. CLAMORerection, Rev. xi. 2. and the city of ous, full of loud talk, Prov. ix. 13. God, because he planned, built, CLAUDA, a weeping voice, a small peopled, rules, protects, and dwells island hard by Crete, and now called in her, Heb. xii. 22. The Auti- Gozo. Paul and his companions christian state is called a great city, sailed by it in their voyage to Rome, because of her great extent and Acts xxvii. 16. power, and the marvellous connex- CLAUDIA, lame, a Roman lady, ion of her members chiefly her who, it is said, was converted to clergy and devotees, Rev. xvi. 19. Christianity by Paul, 2 Tim. iv. 21. and xi. 8. The cities of the nations CLAUDIUS CÆSAR, a weeping fell; the power and wealth of the voice, the fifth emperor of the RoAntichristian, Mahometan, and Hea- mans. He succeeded Caligula, A. D. then party, were ruined, and a num-41, and reigned thirteen years. The ber of their cities destroyed by senate had designed to assert their earthquakes, sieges, &c. Rev. xvi. ancient liberty; but, by the army 19. The names of cities, whether and populace, and the craft of Hegeneral or particular, are often put rod Agrippa, Claudius obtained the for the inhabitants, Gen. xxxv. 5. imperial throne. To evidence his graIsa. xiv. 31. Jer. xxvi. 2. A man's titude to Agrippa, he gave him the wealth and power are his strong ci- sovereignty of Judea, and the kingty; in them he delights, and trusts dom of Chalcis to his brother Herod; for accommodation and protection, he also confirmed the Alexandrian Prov. x. 15. He that hath no rule Jews in their privileges, but disover his own spirit, is like a city charged those at Rome from holding broken down, and without walls; he is any public meetings. Some time afinwardly full of confusion, and most ter, he again reduced Judea to a wretchedly exposed to every dan-Roman province, and ordered all the ger, Prov. xxv. 28. Sundry great Jews to depart from Rome. His men have explained the little city, reign was noted for scarcely any saved by the wisdom of a poor wise thing but a terrible famine; for his man, of the church, delivered bylown timorousness, and for the abo Agrippina, his wives, Acts xi. 28. and xviii. 2. minable disorders of Messalina and and are often polluting, enslaving, and burthensome, Hab. ii. 6. The earth is turned up as clay to the seal: when it is fresh plowed, it is ready to receive any impression; and when the warmth of summer returns, it assumes a comely appearance, Job CLAUDIUS LYSIAS, a tribune of the Roman guard at Jerusalem. With a great price he obtained his freedom of Roman citizen, Acts xxii. 28. When the Jewish mob thought to xxxviii. 14. murder Paul, Lysias rescued him out | TO CLEAVE. To cleave a thing, of their hands, bound him with is to divide it into parts, Gen. xxii. 3. chains, and carried him to the gar- To cleave to a person or thing, is to rison's fort of Antonia; he then or- stick fast to, abide with, or love ardered Paul to be scourged, till they dently, 1 Kings xi. 2. To cleave to should extort a confession from him; the Lord, is firmly to believe his but, upon information that he was a word, hold intimate fellowship with Roman, he forbore; and next day him in his fulness, receive and rebrought him out to the council. tain his Spirit, and faithfully adhere Finding Paul's life in danger among to his truths, follow his example, and them, he again, by force, carried him obey his commands. This word is back to the fort. Soon after, he was peculiarly expressive of a strong atinformed, that above forty Jews had tachment to a person or thing, and sworn neither to eat nor drink till is thought to be a metaphor taken they had murdered Paul. Lysias from the practice of conglutinating therefore sent him off to Felix at Ce- of wounds, soldering of metals, or sarea, under the protection of a strong glewing pieces of wood together, guard, Acts xxi. xxii. xxiii. Rom. xii. 10. Cloven-footed beasts CLAWS of four-footed beasts, are under the law, might represent such their hoofs, Deut. xvi. 6. Claws of as render to God and to men their birds, are their talons, whereby they proper dues, Lev. xi. 3. Cloven scratch, seize, and hold fast their tongues of fire falling on the apostles, prey. To tear claws in pieces, is to denoted their being qualified to devour outrageously, and cut off preach the gospel with great zeal every means of protection, resist- and success in the various languages ance, or conquest, Zech. xi. 16. of mankind, Acts ii. 3 CLAY, a kind of unctuous earth, CLEAN, PURE, (1.) Free from whereof mortar, brick, and potters' natural filth, chaff, or dross, Prov. vessels, are formed, Nah. iii. 14. Jer. xiv. 4. Isa. xxx. 14. (2.) Free from xviii. 4. Men are likened to clay: ceremonial defilement, Lev. x. 14. their bodies are formed of it; they Rom. xiv. 20. (3.) Free from moare vile, frail, unworthy, and easily ral filth, corruption, and vanity, Job broken, Isa. Ixiv. 8. and xxix. 16. xiv. 4. and xxv. 5. (4.) Innocent, and xli. 25. The Roman state is free from the guilt of others' sins, compared to a mixture of iron and Acts xviii. 6. and xx. 26. Wine is miry clay, to denote that, notwith-pure when not mixed with water, standing its being once very power- Deut. xxxii. 14. Metal is pure, ful, yet it should become weak, and when without dross. Oil, myrrh, be easily destroyed by the barbarous and frankincense, are pure, when Goths, Huns, Vandals, Heruli, &c. without refuse or mixture, Exod. Dan. ii. 33, 34, 35, 42. Trouble is xxv. 17, 31. Provender or grain like miry clay: men gradually sink is clean, when it is without chaff or into it, and with difficulty can they sand, Isa. xxx. 24. Meats are pure, escape it. Psa. xl. 2. Wealth, and when lawful to be used. The another worldly enjoyments, are liken- cient sacrifices, priests, and other ed to a load of thick clay: they are persons, were pure, when without of small value for an immortal soul, ceremonial pollution, Ezra vi. 20. The purity of the saints lies in their and truth, in making Christ a prohaving a clean heart, and pure pitiation for us, it is atoned for: by hands; in having their conscience the faith of this mercy and truth, is purged from guilt, their mind, will, the propitiation received, and our and affections, sanctified by his Spi-soul purged from the guilt, love, and rit, and their outward conversation power of sin; by the exercise of holy and blameless, Prov. xx. 9. Job mercy and truth in our practice, inixvii. 9. 1 Tim. i. 5. Matt. 5. 8. To quity is excluded from our heart and the pure all things are pure: to those, life, and the efficacy and fulness of whose conscience and heart are pu- the atonement manifested, Prov. xvi. rified, all meats are lawful, Tit. i. 6. (4.) A land is purged, when 15. Give alms, and all things are wicked men, who defile it, are cut clean to you: turn your fraud into off by death or captivity, Ezek. xx.. honesty and charity, and then you 38. or the idols, and other occasions need not fear eating with unwashen of wickedness, are destroyed, 2 hands, Luke xi. 41. The purity of Chron. xxxiv. 3. Ministers are puprayer lies in its proceeding from a rified, when they are eminently fitted pure heart, and requesting lawful with gifts and graces for their work, things for lawful ends, Job xvi. 17. Mal. iii. 3. The purity of God's word, law, re- The methods of purification from celigion, and fear, lies in freedom from remonial defilement, were very differerror and sinful defilement, Psal. xii. [ent in form: but all represented the 6. and xix. 8. Jam. i. 27. Cleanness purging of our conscience by Jesus of teeth, is want of provision to eat, Christ. He that offered the expiaAmos iv. 6. Clean, purely, also de- tion-goat, or sprinkled his blood; he note full, fully, Lev. xxiii. 23. Josh. that led the scape-goat into the wiliii. 17. Isa. i. 25. derness; he that burnt the flesh of a TO CLEANSE, PURGE, PURIFY, to sin-offering for the high priest, or make pure or clean. (1.) To make congregation; and the person or garfree from natural filth or dross, Mark ment, merely suspected of leprosy, vii. 19. Mal. iii. 3. (2.) To conse- was purified by a simple washing in crate to a holy use, and render free water. The brazen pot, wherein from ceremonial pollution, Ezek. the flesh of a sin-offering had been xliii. 20, 26. Lev. viii. 15. Numb. boiled, was to be washed and rinsed viii. 12. (3.) To remove the guilt in water, Lev. xvi. and vi. 28. and of sin, by the application of Jesus's xiii. and xiv. He that burnt the red blood, Heb. ix. 14. 1 John i. 9. and heifer, or cast the cedar-wood, scarthe power and pollution of it, by the let, or hyssop, into the fire; he that regeneration and sanctification of carried her ashes; he that sprinkled, our nature and life, John xv. 2. Tit. or unnecessarily touched, the water iii. 5. Christ purges our sin, by of separation; he that did eat or making atonement for it by his blood, touch any part of the carcass of an Heb. i. 3. and by the power of his unclean beast; he that used the marSpirit, Ezek. xxxvi. 25. Rev. i. 5. riage-bed, or had involuntary polluand we cleanse ourselves, by receiv- tion happening to him by night; he ing and obeying his word and that had any way approached to a Spirit, 2 Cor. vii. 1. 1 Pet. ii. 22. running issue, or was defiled by Stripes cleanse the inward parts of the means of one that had it; washed belly: afflictions are useful to make us himself in water, and continued ununeasy in, and watchful against, sin, clean until the even, Numb. xix. and to cause us to improve Jesus Lev. xi. and xv. Deut. xiv. and xxiii. Christ as our righteousness and sanc-To purify a woman who had lain tification, Prov. xx. 30. Isa. xxvii. in of child-birth, she was to offer a 9. By mercy and truth iniquity is lamb, turtle, or pigeon for a burntpurged: by God's display of mercy offering, and a turtle or pigeon for VOL. I. 20 CLEMENCY, mercy, remission o severity, Acts xxiv. 4. a sin-offering. To purge away the noted Christian, who preached the defilement contracted by dead bo-gospel with Paul at Philipi. He dies, a house and furniture, after wrote an excellent letter to the Cobeing unclean seven days, were to be rinthians; and is thought by many to sprinkled with the water of separa- have been the 4th bishop of Rome, tion; and a person was to be sprink- Phil. iv. 3. led therewith, on the third and the seventh day, Lev. xii. Numb. xix. When one was cleansed from lepro- CLEOPHAS, all glory, probably sy, he was to be seven times sprink- the same with ALPHEUS; is said to led with a mixture of water, blood have been the brother of Joseph, our of a slain bird, cedar-wood, scarlet, Lord's supposed father, and the husand hyssop. On the first day, he band of Mary, the sister of the blesswashed his whole body and clothes ed Virgin, and father of Simon and in water, and shaved off all his hair; James the Less, and of Jude and Joon the seventh, he repeated this wash-seph, or Joses, the cousin-german ing and shaving; on the eighth, he of Christ. Though Cleophas and his offered three lambs for a burnt-of- family were followers of our Saviour, fering, a trespass-offering, and sin- he remained very ignorant of the offering; or, if poor, a turtle-dove, mystery of his death; and when it or pigeon, for a burnt-offering, and happened, greatly doubted of his another for a sin-offering. The ex-Messiahship. On the evening after tremities of his right ear, thumb, his resurrection, while Cleophas and and toe, were anointed with the another disciple travelled to Emmablood of his trespass-offering, and us, and conversed concerning Jesus, then with part of the log of oil that he himself joined them in the form of attended it. The sprinkling of a la traveller; and from the Scripture, leprous house, with the above-men-showed them the necessity of the tioned mixture of water, bird's blood, Messiah's sufferings, in order to his cedar, scarlet, and hyssop, rendered it clean, Lev. xiv. The Jewish elders added a great many superstitious purifications; as WASHING of hands up to the elbow before meals; washing of pots, cups, and tables, Mark vii. 2-8. entrance into his glory. Cleophas detained him to sup with them; and, while they did eat, they discerned that it was the Lord; but he disappeared, by going suddenly off. Cleophas and his companion hasted back to Jerusalem, and informed CLEAR, (1.) Innocent, free from the disciples, who, in their turn, obguilt and blame, Gen. xxiv. 8. (2.) served, he had also appeared to PeBright and shining. To CLEAR, to ter. Just as they spake, Jesus prefree from guilt or blame. God will sented himself among them, Luke by no means clear the guilty: will xxiv. 13-35. It is probable Cleonot pardon, without proper satisfac- phas was an inhabitant of Galilee tion for their offences. But the text rather than of Emmaus. might be read, In destroying, he will not destroy the guilty; will not make a full end, but in wrath remember mercy, Exod. xxxiv. 7. CLERK. The town-clerk of Ephe. sus is supposed to have been of superior authority to those with us, that go under that name; but Gregory of CLEFT, CLIFF, (1.) A rent in a Oxford will have the GRAMMATEUS rock or wall, Isa. ii. 21. Amos vi. 11. to have been the chief ruler chosen (2.) A den or narrow passage be- by the people, and to have had the tween two hills, or rising grounds, office of registering the names of the Job xxx. 6. 2 Chron. xx. 16. (3.) victors at their public games, Acts The divided part of a beast's foot, xix. 35. Deut. xiv. 6. CLODS, (1.) Hard pieces of earth, Isa. xxviii. 24. Job xxi. 33. (2.) Vile scabs or boils, Job vii. 5. 2 Tim. iv. 13. (2.) A fair pretence in order to deceive the people, or excuse, concealing covetousness, clothed themselves after the same malice, unbelief, 1 Thess. ii. 5. 1 Pet. manner, Zech. xiii. 4. Among the ii. 16. John xv. 22. God's zeal is Hebrews, neither sex was permitted called his cloak: it eminently appears to wear such form of apparel as was in punishing his enemies, and in de- used by the other; as it would have livering his people, Isa. lix. 17. tended to introduce confusion, and unnatural lust, Deut. xxiii. 5. To show the impropriety of mingling our works with those of our adored Sa To CLOSE, (1.) To shut up, Gen. viour, they were prohibited from xx. 21. (2.) To cover, Jer. xxii. 15. having their garments of linen and CLOTH, a kind of stuff, woven woollen threads mixed together, Lev, of threads of silk, flax, cotton, wool, xix. 19. Deut. xxi. 11. To disting hemp, &c. Blue and scarlet cloths guish them from other people, and were laid under and over the sacred cause them constantly to remember, utensils of the tabernacle, as they their state of covenant-subjection to were carried from one place to ano-God, they wore tufts or fringes of ther, Numb. iv. 6, 8. The new cloth blue, on the four corners of their gars that cannot rightly join with an old ments; and a border or hem of gal garment, may signify that it was not loon upon the edges, Numb. xv. 38, a proper time for the disciples of Deut. xxii. 12. Matt. ix. 20. These Christ to fast, while their Master was the Pharisees wore larger than ordiwith them; and that young converts nary, to mark their uncommon atten pught to be led gently as they are tion to the observance of the law, able to bear, Matt. ix. 16. To cast Matt. xxiii. 5. Great men's children away idols as a menstruous cloth, is to had often their garments striped with reject them, as most base and abo- divers colours, Gen. xxxvii. 3. 2 minable, Isa. xxx. 22. Sam. xiii. 18. Isaiah largely describes the apparel of the Jewish women in his time. It is plain, these ornaments. and parts of apparel, were gaudy and fine; but we are now quite uncertain of their particular form, Isa. ii. 16-24. CLOTHES, CLOTHING, GARMENTS, VESTMENTS, RAIMENTS, ROBES, APPAREL. It is said, the Hebrews wore no other clothes than their linen coats, with large sleeves, which were often, as they still are in the eastern countries, woven so as to need no In the metaphoric language, whatseam; and their woollen cloaks. ever cleaves close to one, or appears These two made a change of rai-in his condition and work, is reprement. Their coats, which supplied sented as a robe, or garment. Thus the place of our shirts, hung down to the light, glory, majesty, strength, the very ground, unless when they and zeal, that God manifests in his tucked them up for walking or work-providential dispensations, are called ing. The scribes wore theirs longer his garments, Psa. civ. 2. and xciii. than ordinary, to mark their uncom- 1. Isa. lix. 17. His garments white as mon gravity and holiness, Luke xx. snow, denote the holiness, equity, and 46. Princes, especially great kings glory, of his nature and works, Dan. and priests, generally wore white vii. 9. Christ's clothing of a cloud, garments; such were also worn on imports the majesty and obscurity of the occasions of great joy and glad- his providential fulfilment of his ness, Eccl. ix. 8. In mourning, men work, Rev. x. 1. His red garments, generally wore sackcloth, or hair- and vesture dipt in blood, mark his cloth. Prophets, being professed victory over, and his bloody ruin of, mourners, often wore a mourning- his incorrigible foes, Isa. Ixiii. 1, 2. dress of coarse stuff or skin, 2 Kings Rev. xix. 13. His linen garment i. 7, 8. Matt. iii. 4. False prophets, down to the foot, is a mark of his |