Upham's military commission, upon the charge that he was Captain of Ku-Klux. There was never a man's life begged for as was his. He was shot and buried without a coffin. A young man named Rogers, at Cotton Plant, engaged to be married, was shot to death by orders of Upham, after he had paid Rosa [a militia officer] three hundred dollars. James Bland was taken at midnight from the side of his wife and child, and killed without trial, even by a commission. Charles Ruddock, the school teacher, was taken from his room at night and killed without any trial. Dr. Marquis D. McKenzie, a favorite physician and leading citizen of the county, was taken out of his house in the evening by Upham's men and shot, and his remains thrown into White River. Bartlett Y. Jones, a well-known citizen, was taken out the night Dr. McKenzie was, and killed.

Negro Militia in Arkansas

House Ex. Doc. no. 209, 42 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 23. Report of T. W. Morrison, 2nd Lieutenant, 16th Infantry, U. S. Army.

[January 29, 1872]

THIS mob was composed of negroes from the plantation several miles east of the town, and of members of the colored militia companies stationed at Lake Village [Chicot County, Arkansas]. Those from the plantation numbered over one hundred men, were mounted and armed, and made their entrance into town. . at a gallop, firing off their weapons as they galloped about the town, cursing and making threats to avenge the murder of Wynn [negro]. Dismounting, they tied their horses to fences and trees in the town, and soon a mob numbering two hundred men collected in front of Garrett's grocery, where Wynn was killed. The grocery was immediately broken open, and the mob entered and destroyed everything of value. After obtaining the keys of the jail from the sheriff, the mob entered the jail, secured Sanders, Garrett, and Dugan, and proceeded with them to the edge of town, where they murdered them. Then many negroes from the plantation left the town. Others remained about the town during the day and night and the

following day, as a mob, in full possession. Threats made by the mob led to fears that they would commit other acts of violence, and the white citizens of the county apprehended a recurrence of mob violence in the absence of a reliable military force, should any serious difficulty occur wherein one of the parties is a negro. The negroes have been defiant in their conduct since, in the belief that crimes committed by them as a mob will not subject them to arrest, trial, and punishment. The effect is that there is great uneasiness among that class of white people who are interested in having peace and quiet in their midst. Law and order is not expected to exist in the county as long as they are under the humiliating oppression of negro supremacy obtained by mob violence. The law seems to be powerless to punish the robbers and murderers of this bloody tragedy. There is fear of the consequences of prosecution. No arrests have been made.

The county has paid out the sum of seven thousand dollars. for actual services of the men belonging to the militia organization in co-operating with the mob of negroes in the outrage committed on December 15. Walker, the sheriff of the county, is a colonel of a militia regiment, having three full, irresponsible negro militia companies organized in the county, and had in the town of Lake Village, on the 14th and 15th days of December, a part of three companies in all, two hundred men armed with pistols and shot-guns, as a force to protect the three prisoners named from injury at the hands of a mob. This guard did not make any resistance to the mob. The fact is, they were a part of the mob throughout, from beginning to end. On the 17th December, the militia force was reduced to fifty men by the sheriff, which number remained about the town up to the time of the arrival of a detachment of fifteen white men of the "Governor State Guards," from Little Rock, Arkansas, commanded by Lieutenant Grover, (on the 7th of January), when they were further reduced to ten men, and retained until the 16th instant "as a conciliatory measure to the colored people."

An Experience with Governor Holden's Militia

Outrages in the Southern States, part ii, p. 4. Statement of Lucien
H. Murray. More than a hundred similar statements were made.
Governor Holden was impeached and removed from office on account
of the use he had made of the militia.

[1870]

I told him I I stated what He then told me

HE then asked me if I did not see Adolphus Moore tie a rope around Outlaw's neck the night he was hung. did not. He asked me what I saw that night. I have stated here about what I have seen. I was telling him a damned lie. I told him I was telling the truth. He then said, "If you don't tell me all about it, I will break your damned neck." I told him, "I can't help that." Says he, "Go on back to your quarters; I will have it all out of you. If I can't get it one way I will get it another." It went on that night till about one o'clock; then Colonel Bergen came to my tent with a candle in his hand. I had not gone to sleep. I raised up my head. Said he, "Is that you Murray ?" Said I, "It is," and he walked back to his tent. In a short time he came back again without any candle, touched me on my feet, and told me to get up and come out. I asked him if I could put on my shoes. He told me, "No, you won't have any use for them long." I went out and he took me into his tent with three other men. They all had pistols. He told me I must now make a confession; if I did not he would blow my damned heart out. . .

He told me then, "You are a damned liar," and got up and all four of them cocked their pistols, and he told me if I did not confess he would blow my heart out. . .

I told him I had nothing to confess. "Well," said he, "Patton and Rogers, . . they knew nothing till they were hung up; then they could tell all about it, and you must do the same." He went on to say that he had affidavits filed in his office, that had been made that I did know all about the hanging of the negro. I told him I could not tell him anything. Then he put a rope about my neck, led me up to a tree, threw the rope over a limb and asked me if I was ready to make my confession. I told him I had no confession to make. Then they drew me up off the ground, and let me hang there a little while — not

long... Choked me pretty bad; . . it did not hurt me.

Then

let me down and asked me if I was ready to confess; I told him I had no confession to make. Said he, "If you don't confess I will break your damned neck;" and he gathered the rope again, and he and another man pulled me up very roughly, and suspended me a great deal longer than he did before; I can't tell how long; I hung there till I was unconscious; suffered all the pain till I became unconscious. When I came to, I was leaning or sitting up against the tree, and a few men were rubbing me.

The Militia in South Carolina Elections

Report on Public Frauds in South Carolina (1877), pp. 674, 680, 686.
Statements (1) of L. T. Levin, (2) of John B. Hubbard, and (3)
letter of J. W. Anderson—all radicals and prominent officers of the
militia and constabulary.
[1870]

[1] THE entire militia, as organized and armed, was composed
of colored men, with the exception of a few white officers.
During the year 1870 there was organized fourteen full regi-
ments, of nearly one thousand men to each regiment. There
was issued to the above regiments seven thousand rifle muskets
(breech-loading) with the necessary equipments, consisting of
bayonets, scabbards, cartridge boxes, etc., also a large number
of Winchester rifles, including ammunition. The enrollment
of the militia was accomplished at a large expense to the State.
The real object of the enrollment was to give employment to
the different local leaders while they were, in reality, organizing
the party for the coming campaign. The number of enrolled
militia was ninety-six thousand, 58,000 between the ages of 18
and
30, and 38,000 between the ages of 30 and 45.
45. At one
time there were two or three white companies armed by the
Governor, but the colored militia became so much dissatisfied,
on account of these few white companies receiving arms that
Governor Scott issued an order calling in the arms in their
hands. At least two-thirds of the amount paid on account of
the militia was a huge fraud upon the State, and for no consider-
ation, except for political services rendered.

[2] As Chief Constable, I was ordered by Gov. Scott to appoint certain Deputy Constables on my force as Captains over the State Guards or militia stationed and under full pay in several Counties in the State. Captain Mann was in charge at Abbeville and J. Ward Hayward at Edgefield. I think Captain Jackson was in command a portion of the time. They were all Northern men and brought here by Gov. Scott. I was ordered to assist the militia organization every way possible. The object was to have an active and efficient corps of organ. izers in the field. I knew that the militia was organized and armed for political purposes. It was understood that by arming the colored militia and keeping some of the most influential officers under pay that a full vote would be brought out for the Republicans and the Democracy or many of the weak-kneed Democrats intimidated. At the time the militia was organized, there was, comparatively speaking, but little lawlessness. The militia being organized and armed caused an increase of crime and bloodshed in most of the Counties in proportion to their numbers and the number of arms and amount of ammunition furnished them. [3] Yorkville, S. C., June 25th, 1870. Captain JOHN B. HUBBARD, Chief Constable, Columbia, S. C. DEAR CAPTAIN: I am visiting some of the [Union] Leagues and intend to try and get into the convention and be elected to the Legislature. The Democrats are quiet now but playing possum. Some of them say they intend to organize all over the State against Scott's militia. I have it from good authority that the whites are receiving guns through the merchants and are secretly organizing. We can carry the County if we get Constables enough by encouraging the militia and frightening the poor white men. I am going into the campaign for Scott. I hear Hannibal White and some of the colored men are opposed to him. Will keep you posted.