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The church problems were not solved during Reconstruction. At the close of the period the great churches were still sectional. Most of the negroes were in separate race churches, but, as in education, they were under Northern direction; and as harsh feelings had not subsided, the religious division seemed permanent.

REFERENCES

NORTHERN OCCUPATION OF SOUTHERN CHURCHES: Crooks, Life of Bishop Simpson, p. 439; Fleming, Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, p. 227; Lincoln, Complete Works, vol. ii, p. 291 et seq.; Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, vol. vi, ch. 15; Wilmer, Recent Past, p. 139. MILITARY REGULATION OF CHURCH SERVICES: Fleming, p. 228; Garner, Reconstruction in Mississippi, p. 35; Nicolay and Hay, vol. vi, p. 334; Wilmer, p. 139.

THE WILMER EPISODE: Fleming, p. 324; Perry, History of the American Episcopal Church, vol. ii, p. 328; Whitaker, Church in Alabama, p. 172; Wilmer, p. 145.

THE CONFEDERATE CHURCH:

Wilmer, p. 225.

THE "DISINTEGRATION AND

Fleming, p. 24; Perry, vol. ii, p. 328 et seq.;

ABSORPTION" POLICY: Buckley, History of Methodism in the United States, p. 516; Crooks, p. 443; Fleming, p. 637; Smith, Life and Times of George F. Pierce, pp. 491, 499, 505, 550. THE ORGANIZATION OF NORTHERN CHURCHES IN THE SOUTH: Fleming, pp. 637, 648; Matlock, Anti-Slavery Struggle and Triumph, p. 339. RELIGION OF THE SLAVES: DuBois, The Negro Church, pp. 1-35; Harrison, Gospel among the Slaves, ch. 1-15; Mallard, Plantation Life, ch. 10-22; Thomas, The American Negro, ch. 6.

FORMATION OF NEGRO CHURCHES: Census of 1890, Statistics of Churches, passim; Fleming, p. 272 and ch. 20; Harrison, ch. 16-18; Mallard, ch. 24; Thomas, p. 169.

THE NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN CHURCHES AND THE NEGRO: Carroll, Religious Forces, pp. 263, 294; Fleming, p. 641; Freedmen's Aid Society Reports; Riley, Baptists of Alabama, p. 310; Thomas, p. 169. RESULTS AND LATER PROBLEMS: Bruce, Plantation Negro, ch. 7; Fleming, pp. 648-651; Montgomery Conference, Race Problems; Page, The Negro, pp. 65, 74; Thomas, ch. 6.

1. MILITARY REGULATION OF CHURCHES

Northern Churches in Control of Southern Churches
McPherson, History of the Rebellion, pp. 522, 523. Similar orders
were issued for the other Northern churches except the Catholic
and the Protestant Episcopal, and the Southern church buildings
were turned over to the Northern churches of the same denom-
ination.
[1864]

War Department, Adjutant General's Office, Washington, November 30, 1863. To the Generals commanding the Departments of the Missouri, the Tennessee, and the Gulf, and all the Generals and officers commanding armies, detachments, and posts, and all officers in the service of the United States in the above named Departments:

You are hereby directed to place at the disposal of Rev. Bishop Ames all houses of worship belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in which a loyal minister, who has been appointed by a loyal Bishop of said church, does not now officiate.

It is a matter of great importance to the government, in its efforts to restore tranquility to the community and peace to the nation, that Christian ministers should, by example and precept, support and foster the loyal sentiment of the people.

Bishop Ames enjoys the entire confidence of this Department, and no doubt is entertained that all ministers who may be appointed by him may be entirely loyal. You are expected to give him all the aid, countenance, and support practicable in the execution of his important mission.

You are also authorized and directed to furnish Bishop Ames and his clerk with transportation and subsistence when it can be done without prejudice to the service, and will afford them courtesy, assistance and protection.

By order of the Secretary of War:

E. D. TOWNSEND, Assistant Adjutant General.

Headquarters Department of Memphis,
December 23, 1863.

REV. BISHOP AMES: In obedience to orders of the Secretary of War, dated Washington, November 30th, 1863, a copy of which is here attached, I place at your disposal a "house of worship" known as "Wesley Chapel," in the City of Memphis, State of Tennessee, the said house being claimed as the property of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, and there being no loyal minister, appointed by a loyal Bishop, now officiating in said house of worship.

I am very respectfully, your obedient servant,

JAMES C. VEATCH,

Brigadier General.

Military Regulation of Church Services

McPherson, History of the Rebellion, pp. 538-543. Such regulations, as outlined in the following orders, were in force until the early part of 1866, when the Wilmer case was finally decided. This policy began in 1862. [1864]

Headquarters U. S. Forces,

Special Order, No. 31.

Natchez, Miss., June 18, 1864.

II. The Colonel commanding this district having been officially notified that the pastors of many churches in this city neglect to make any public recognition of allegiance under which they live, and to which they are indebted for protection, and further, that the regular form of prayer for "the President of the United States, and all others in authority," prescribed by the ritual in some churches, and by established custom in others, has been omitted in the stated services of churches of all denominations, it is hereby

Ordered, That hereafter, the ministers of such churches as may have the prescribed form of prayer for the President of the United States, shall be read at each and every service in which it is required by the rubrics — and that those of other denominations, which have no such form shall on like occasions pronounce a prayer appropriate to the time, and expressive of the proper spirit toward the Chief Magistrate of the United States.

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