LEMON PEEL (Ger. Zitronenshalen, Limonschellen; Fr. Lames d'écorce de citron; It. Scorze de' limone; Sp. Courtezas de citra). The outward rind of lemons is warm, aromatic, and slightly bitter,-qualities depending on the essential oil it contains. It is turned to many uses; and when well candied, constitutes a very good preserve. In Barbadoes, a liqueur, known under the name of Eau de Barbade, is manufactured from lemon peel, which the inhabitants have the art of preserving in a manner peculiar to themselves. Both the liqueur and the conserve used to be in high repute, especially in France.

LETTER. (See POST OFFICE.)

LETTER OF CREDIT, a letter written by one merchant or correspondent to another, requesting him to credit the bearer with a certain sum of money. Advice by post should always follow the granting of a letter of credit; a duplicate of it accompanying such advice. It is prudent, also, in giving advice, to describe the bearer of the letter, with as many particulars as possible, lest it fall improperly into other hands.

LETTERS OF MARQUE AND REPRISAL, "are grantable by the law of nations, whenever the subjects of one state are oppressed and injured by those of another, and justice is denied by that state to which the oppressor belongs."-(Chitty's Com. Law, vol. iii. p. 604.) Before granting letters of marque, government is directed by the 5 Hen. 5. c. 7., to require that satisfaction be made to the party aggrieved; and in the event of such satisfaction not being made within a reasonable period, letters of marque and reprisal may be issued, authorising the aggrieved party to attack and seize the property of the aggressor nation, without hazard of being condemned as a robber or pirate. Such letters are now only issued to the owners or captains of privateers during war, or when war has been determined upon. They may be revoked at the pleasure of the sovereign; and when hostilities terminate, they cease to have any effect.

LICENCES, in commercial navigation. The rules and regulations to be observed in the granting of licences to ships embodied in the act 8 & 9 Vict. c. 87. given in the former edition of this work, have been repealed. The only regulation with reference to this subject in the Customs Consolidation Act of 1853, the 16 & 17 Vict. c. 107. § 201., will be found in the art. SMUG

GLING.

The statute now referred to has the following clauses in regard to the licensing of agents for the transacting of business relating to the entry and clearance of ships, goods, and baggage, and of lightermen for the carriage of goods to and from importing and exporting ships:

Treasury to appoint in what Ports Agents shall be licensed.The Commissioners of the Treasury may by their warrant appoint and declare in what ports or places in the U. K. persons acting as agents in the entry or clearance of any ships, or of any goods or baggage, or any business relating thereto, shall be required to be duly licensed for that purpose, and may from time to time revoke such warrants or appointinents, and make others in lieu thereof, when and as they may see fit; and such warrants, if they relate to ports or places in Great Britain, shall be published in the London Gazette, if to ports or places in Ire land in the Dublin Gazette, and if to ports and places in Great Britain and Ireland in both those gazettes: provided always, that the appointments already made as to London, Dublin, Dover, Folkestone, Southampton, and Shoreham shall continue as if such appointments had been made under this act, until the same shall be revoked.-§ 15.

Commissioners of Customs to grant Licences to Agents.-The Commissioners of Customs may and they are hereby authorised to grant licences, in such form and manner and to such per-ons as they shall think fit, to act as agents for transacting business which shall relate to the entry or clearance of any ship, or of any goods or of any baggage, in any of the ports or places in respect of which such appointments as aforesaid now are or hereafter shall be made, so long as such appointments shall remain in force, and, by order under their hands, may cancel or revoke any licence so granted to any such person for fraud or mis. conduct; a copy of such order stating the cause of dismissal shall be delivered to such person, or to his clerk, or left at his usual place of abode or business, but such person shall be at liberty to appeal to the Commissioners of Customs in manner provided by sections 33 and 34 of this act for an investigation and reconsideration of the case; and if no such appeal be made with. in 3 days after the delivery of a copy of such order, or if such order shall be confirmed, such licence shall be void; and the Commissioners of Customs on granting any such licence are hereby empowered to require bond to be given by every person to whom such licence shall be granted (not being one of the sworn brokers of the city of London, and acting as such agent in the port of London), with one sufficient surety, in the sum of 1000l., for the faithful and incorrupt conduct of such person

and of his clerks, acting for him, both as regards the customs and his employers; and all licences heretofore granted by the Commissioners of Customs to any persons to act as agents shall be valid until revoked, and all bonds taken for the faithful and incorrupt conduct of such persons shall remain in full force: provided always, that any person, or any persons in copartnership, may, with the approval of the Commissioners of Customs, appoint a clerk or servant to transact such business on his or their behalf, and the name, residence, and date of appointment of such clerk or servant shall thereupon be endorsed on the licence of such person or persons, and shall be signed by him or them in the presence of and attested by the collector or comptroller of customs at the port for which such licence is granted, and all such appointments shall be recorded in a register to be kept at the custom-house for that purpose; and no person shall act as such clerk or servant unless so appointed, endor ed, and recorded, nor act for or on behalf of any other than the person or persons so appointing him; and every such appointment may be revoked by the Commissioners of Customs at any time, by order under their hands.- 16.

Commissioners to specify Ports in which Goods may be water. borne by authorised Persons.-The Commissioners of Customs may order and direct in what ports or places in the U. K. goods eleared for drawback or from the warehouse shall be carried or water-borne to be put on board any ship for exportation, or goods carried or water-borne from any importing ship to, or to be landed at any wharf, quay, or other place, shall be so carried or water borne only by persons authorised for that purpose by licence under the hands of the Commissioners of Customs, and may revoke any such orders or directions, or make others in lieu thereof, when and as they may deem expedient; and the Commissioners of Customs may grant such licences in such form and manner and to such persons as they may deem proper, and may revoke the same when and as they shall think fit; and before granting any such licence the commissioners may require such security by bond for the faithful and incorrupt conduct of such person as they shall deem necessary; and all such licences in force at the time of the commencement of this act shall continue in force as if the same had been granted under the authority of this act.-§ 17.

LIGHTHOUSE, a tower situated on a promontory, or headland, on the sea coast, or on rocks or banks in the sea, for the reception of a light for the guidance of ships at night.* There are also floating-lights, or lights placed on board vessels moored in certain stations, and intended for the same purposes as those on shore.

Historical Notices.-The lighting of fires for the direction of ships at night is of such obvious utility, that we need not wonder at the practice having originated at a very remote æra. The early history of lighthouses is, however, involved in much obscurity; but it is reasonable to suppose that no long period would elapse after fires were lighted for the premonition and guidance of mariners, till towers would begin to be constructed for their reception. The most celebrated of all the ancient lighthouses was that erected by Ptolemy Soter, on the small island of Pharos, opposite to Alexandria,-nocturnis ignibus cursum navium regens.—(Plin. lib. v. cap. 31.) It was of great height, and is said to have cost 800 talents. Its celebrity was such, that Pharos rapidly became, and

Usus cjus, nocturno navium cursu ignes ostendere, ad prænuntianda vada, portusque introitum.— (Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xxxvi. cap. 13.) Dr. Gillies tells us (Hist. of Alexander's Successors, vol. fi. p. 138. 8vo. ed.) that the tower was 450 feet in height; that each side of its square base measured 600 feet, and that its "beaming summit" was seen at the distance of 100 miles! It is almost needless to add, that there is no authority for such statements, which, indeed, carry absurdity on their face.

An Account showing the Trades that cannot be carried on in the U. Kingdom without Excise Licences; the Sums charged for such Licences; and the Number of Licences granted for carrying on cach Trade in the Year ending 31st March, 1858; with the Total Amount of Revenue derived therefrom.

Total revenue derived from excise licences in 1858, England, 1,172,8501. 7s. 1d.; Scotland, 127,8051. 9s. 4d.; Ireland, 124,446Z. 10s. 11d.; total U. K., 1,425,1027. 78. 4d.

There are, also, in the U. K., sundry businesses which cannot be carried on without a stamp licence, such as bankers, attorneys; pawnbrokers, &c. The licence duty paid by these parties amounted in the year ended 31st March, 1859, to 218,500.

still continues to be in many countries, a generic term equivalent to lighthouse. In the ancient world, there were lighthouses at Ostia, Ravenna, Puteoli, Caprea, Rhodes, on the Thracian Bosphorus, &c.--(See Suetonii Opera, ed. Pitisci, tom. i. p. 755.; and the Ancient Universal History, ix. 366. Svo. ed.)

The Tour de Cordouan, at the entrance of the Gironde, the Eddystone lighthouse, opposite to Plymouth Sound, and that more recently constructed on the Bell Rock, opposite to the Frith of Tay, are the most celebrated modern lighthouses. The Tour de Cordouan was begun in 1584, by order of Henry IV., and was completed in 1611. It was at first 169 feet (Fr.) high; but in 1727 it was enlarged, by the addition of an iron lantern, to the height of 175 French, or 186 English feet. It used to be lighted by a coal fire, but it is now a revolving dioptric light of the first order. It is altogether a splendid structure;

and is, besides, remarkable for being the first lighthouse on which a revolving light was exhibited.— (See BORDEAUX.)

The first lighthouse erected on the Eddystone rocks only stood about 7 years, having been blown down in the dreadful storm of the 27th of November, 1703; a second, erected in 1708, was burnt down in 1755. The present lighthouse, constructed by the celebrated engineer Smeaton, was completed in 1759. It is regarded as a masterpiece of its kind; and bids fair to be little less lasting than the rocks on which it stands. The Bell Rock lighthouse was built by Mr. Stevenson on the model of the Eddystone. Numerous lighthouses, marking the most dangerous points and the entrance to the principal harbours, are now erected in most civilised maritime countries. They are particularly abundant in the Baltic and in the Sound, and have contributed, in no ordinary degree, to render their navigation comparatively safe. Within these few years several new ones have been erected on the British coasts, and on those of France, the United States, &c.

Precautions as to Lighthouses.-Many fatal accidents have arisen from ships mistaking one light for another; and hence the importance of those on the same coast being made to differ distinctly from each other, and of their position and appearance being accurately laid down and described. The modern înventions of revolving, intermitting, and coloured lights, afford facilities for varying the appearance of each light unknown to our ancestors, and have been, in that respect, of the greatest importance.

Chart of Lighthouses, &c.-A good descriptive work on lighthouses, beacons, &c., is a desideratum. That of Coulier, Guide des Marins pendant la Navigation nocturne, Paris, 1829, is perhaps the best. It must not be judged by its preface, which is as bad as possible; consisting of scraps from the most fantastical parts of Bryant's Mythology, and of attacks on us for our conduct in relation to Parga, and the alleged ill-treatment of the crew of a vessel wrecked on the island of Alderney! The book is really pretty good, which could not be anticipated from such a commencement. The reader will find the exist ing English and Irish lighthouses, and the greater number of those belonging to Scotland, laid down in the chart attached to the article CANALS in this work. Its accuracy may be depended upon; for it has been copied from the official chart of the lighthouses on the British and contiguous coasts published by the Trinity House.

Law as to British Lighthouses.-The 8 Eliz. c. 13. empowered the corporation of the Trinity House to erect beacons, &c. to prevent accidents to ships; and though the act does not expressly mention lighthouses, it has been held to extend to them; and on its authority, and the privileges attached to the office of buoyage and beaconage conferred on the Trinity House in 1594, the corporation erects lighthouses. The tolls for their maintenance have been generally collected under the authority of letters patent from the Crown; those for the support of the Eddystone light, and some others in different parts of the kingdom, being, however, established by act of parliament. The first lighthouse erected by the Trinity Corporation was in 1675; but several had been previously erected by private parties in virtue of letters patent.

All the lighthouses, floating-lights, &c, exclusive of harbour lights, from the Fern Islands, on the coast of Northumberland, round by Beachy Head and the Land's End, to the coast of Lancashire, have always belonged to the Trinity House, with the exception of about a dozen lights, viz., Tynemouth, Spurn (shore), Winterton and Orford, Harwich, Dungeness, Skerries, &c. These lights have been partly public and partly private property; but they have latterly been all acquired by the Trinity House. (See below.) The duties on their account have been, for the most part, always payable to the Trinity collectors.

The act of 1853, 16 & 17 Vict. c. 131., and the Mercantile Shipping Act of 1854, have made the Trinity House directly subordinate in many respects to the Board of Trade. The dues for lights, ballastage, beaconage, &c., hitherto payable to the Trinity House, are in future to be carried to the account of the Mercantile Marine Fund, which is to be charged with the cost of maintaining lights, buoys, &c., and it, also, is to be charged with the pensions hitherto paid by the Trinity House. The latter is in future to prepare estimates; and no expense is to be allowed which has not previously been sanctioned by the Board of Trade. The charges for lights, &c., are to be revised and fixed by H. Majesty in Council, who who is, also, to fix the tolls to be taken for new lights. The attention that will thus be drawn to the different charges on shipping cannot fail to be advantageous; and will, no doubt, bring about their reduction to the lowest point consistent with the realisation of the important objects for which they have been imposed. The most important clauses in the Mercantile Shipping Act, the 17 & 18 Vict. c. 104., having reference to lighthouses, are as follows, viz.:

Management of Lighthouses, Buoys, and Beacons to be in Trinity House, &c.-Subject to the provisions herein contained, and subject also to any powers or rights row lawfully enjoyed or exercised by any person or body of persons having by law or usage authority over local lighthouses, buoys, or beacons, herein termed "local authorities," the superintendence and management of all lighthouses, buoys, and beacons shall be vested in the following bodies, viz.,

In England and Wales, and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Sark, and Alderney, and the adjacent seas and islands, and in Heligoland and Gibraltar, in the Trinity House:

In Scotland and the adjacent seas and islands, and in the Isle of Man, in the Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses.

In Ireland and the adjacent seas and islands, in the Port of Dublin Corporation :

And, subject to the provisions herein contained, the said Trinity House, Commissioners, and Corporation (herein termed General Lighthouse Authorities) shall respectively continue to hold and maintain all property now vested in them in that behalf in the same manner and for the same purposes as they have hitherto held and maintained the same.-§ 389.

Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses.-The persons holding the following offices shall be a body corporate, under the name of the Commissioners of Northern Lighthouses; that is to say,

(1.) The Lord Advocate and the Solicitor-General for Scotland;

(2.) The Lords Provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow, and the Provosts of the Cities of Aberdeen, Inverness, and Campbeltown;

(3.) The eldest Bailies of Edinburgh and Glasgow;

(4.) The Sheriffs of the counties of Edinburgh, Lanark, Renfrew, Bute, Argyle, Inverness, Ross, Orkney, Caithness, Aberdeen, Ayr, Fife, Forfar, Wigton, Sutherland, Kincardine, Kircudbright, and Elgin;

And shall have a common seal; and any 5 of such commissioners shall constitute a quorum, and shall have power to do all such matters and things as might be done by the whole body of commissioners.-$390.

Power to Elect certain new Members.-In addition to the persons above mentioned, it shall be lawful for the said commissioners at any time after this act comes into operation to elect the provost or chief magistrate of any royal or parliamentary burgh, on or near any part of the coasts of Scotland, and the sheriff of any county abutting on such coasts.-§ 391.

Trinity House may inspect Lighthouses in Scotland and Ireland.-The Trinity House, their engineers, workmen, and servants, may at all times enter any lighthouses within the jurisdiction of the said commissioners or corporation, to view the condition thereof, or otherwise, for the purposes of this act. § 392.

B. of Trade may appoint Persons to inspect Lighthouses, &c.-The B. of Trade may, upon complaint to the effect that any lighthouse, buoy, or beacon under the management of any of the said general light.

house authorities, or any work connected therewith, is inefficient or improperly managed or unnecessary, authorise persons to inspect the same; and every person so authorised may inspect the same accordingly, and make such inquiries in respect thereof, as he may think fit; and all officers and others having the care of such lighthouses, buoys, or beacons, or concerned in the management thereof, shall furnish all such information and explanations in relation thereto as he may require; and the said general lighthouse authorities and their respective officers shall at all times give to the B. of Trade all such returns, explanations, or information in relation to the lighthouses, buoys, or beacons within their jurisdiction and the management thereof, as such Board may from time to time require.-§ 393. Power to General Lighthouse Authorities to control local Authorities.-Each of the said general lighthouse authorities, upon giving due notice of their intention, shall have power, with the sanction of the B. of Trade, to compel any local authority having jurisdiction in the matter of lighthouses, buoys, or Deacons at any place situate within the jurisdiction of such general lighthouse authority, to lay down Duoys, or to remove or discontinue any existing lighthouse or beacon, or to make any variation in the character of any lighthouse or in the mode of exhibiting lights therein; and no such local authority as aforesaid shall erect any new lighthouse, or remove or discontinue any lighthouse, or vary the character of any lighthouse or the mode of exhibiting lights therein, without the sanction of the general lighthouse authority within whose jurisdiction the same is situate.-§ 394.

In case of Default by local Bodies local Lighthouses may be transferred to General Lighthouse Authorities. If any local authority having power to erect, maintain, or place any local lighthouse, buoy, or beacon at any place within the jurisdiction of one of the said general lighthouse authorities fails so to do, or fails to obey any direction given by such authority under the last preceding section, H. M. may, upon application from such general lighthouse authority, by order in council direct that such power as aforesaid shall be transferred to such last-mentioned authority; and such power, together with all powers of levying and receiving dues in respect of such lighthouse, buoy, or beacon, shall thereupon become vested in such last-mentioned authority; and such lighthouse, with its appurtenances, and also such buoy or beacon, and all dues leviable in respect thereof, shall thenceforth be subject in all respects to the same regulations as other lighthouses and light dues, buoys and beacons provided for by this act. -§ 395.

Dues to be levied.—Subject to any alterations to be made under the powers hereinafter contained, the said general lighthouse authorities shall, in respect of the existing lighthouses, buoys, or beacons within their respective jurisdictions, continue to levy dues, herein called light dues, after the rate at which the same are levied at the time when this act comes into operation; and such light dues shall be payable in respect of all ships whatever, except ships belonging to H. M. and ships hereby exempted from payment thereof.-§ 396.

Light Dues to be subject to Revision by H. M. in Council.-H. M. may, with the advice of Her Privy Council, from time to time reduce all or any of the dues for the time being payable in respect of existing or future lighthouses, buoys, or beacons, for the time being under the management of the said general lighthouse authorities; and may also, with the like advice, from time to time increase or vary any of such dues, so that no dues payable in respect of any lighthouse, buoy, or beacon existing at the time when this act comes into operation, are made to exceed the amount which has at any period previous to such time been received in respect thereof, or to which the said dues might during any part of such period as last aforesaid lawfully have been raised.-§ 397.

Powers of General Lighthouse Authorities to aller and regulate Dues.- Each of the said general lighthouse authorities shall have power, with the consent of H. M. in council, to do any of the following things; that is to say,

To exempt any ships or any classes of ships from the payment of light dues receivable by such authority, and to annex any terms or conditions to such exemptions:

To alter the times, places, and modes at and in which the light dues receivable by such authority a e payable:

To substitute any other dues or class of dues, whether by way of annual payment or otherwise, in respect of any ships or classes of ships, for the dues payable to such authority for the time being.§ 398.

Publication of Dues and Regulations.—Tables of all light dues, and a copy of the regulations for the time being in force in respect thereof, shall be posted up at all custom houses within the U. K.; and each of the said general lighthouse authorities shall from time to time, as occasion requires, furnish copies of such tables and regulations to the C. of Customs in London, and to the principal officers of customs resident at all places where light dues are collected on account of such lighthouse authority; and such copies shall be posted up by the commissioners at the custom house in London, and by such officers at the custom houses of the places at which they are respectively resident.-§ 399.

Ship not to be cleared without Production of Receipt for Light Dues.-A receipt for light dues shall be given by the person appointed to collect the same to every person paying the same, and no officer of customs at any port where light dues are payable in respect of any ship shall grant a clearance or transire for any such ship, unless the receipt for the same is produced to him.-§ 400.

Power of Distress for Light Dues.-If the owner or master of any ship fails on demand of the autho rised collector to pay the light dues due in respect thereof, it shall be lawful for such collectors, in addition to any other remedy which he or the authority by whom he is appointed is entitled to use, to enter upon such ship, and distrain the goods, guns, tackle, or any other thing of or belonging to or on board such ship, and to detain such distress until the said light dues are paid; and if payment of the same is not made within the period of 3 days next ensuing such distress, he may, at any time during the continuance of such nonpayment, cause the same to be appraised by two sufficient persons or sworn appraisers, and thereupon sell the same, and apply the proceeds in payment of the light dues due, together with all reasonable expenses incurred by him under this section, paying the surplus (if any) on demand to the said owner or master.

Clause 402 regulates the mode in which light dues are to be paid over and accounted for. Application of Light Dues-All light dues coming to the hands of any of the said general lighthouse authorities under this act shall be carried to the account of the mercantile marine fund herein-after mentioned, and shall be dealt with in manner herein-after described.--§ 403.

Power to Lighthouse Authorities to erect and alter Lighthouses, Buoys, and Beacons.-Each of the said general lighthouse authorities shall have power, within its jurisdiction, to execute the following works and do the following things; (that is to say,)

(1.) To erect or place new lighthouses, with all requisite works, roads, and appurtenances, or alter or remove any existing lighthouses:

(2.) To erect or place any new buoys or beacons, or alter or remove any existing buoys or beacons :

for the above purposes, or for the maintenance of the works

or the residence of the light keepers:

(4.) To vary the character of any lighthouse or the mode of exhibiting lights therein:

(5.) To sell any land belonging to it:

(5.) To take and purchase any land which may be necessary But the exercise of the above power shall, in the case of the said commissioners and corporation, be subject to the restrictions herein-after contained.-§ 404.

Clause 405 directs that the powers given by the foregoing clause shall, in the case of the commissioners and corporation, be subject to approval by Trinity House, with appeal to B. of Trade. Clauses 406 to 409 relate to proceedings between commissioners, &c., and B. of Trade.

H. M. may by Order in Council fix Ducs to be taken for new Lighthouses.-Upon the completion of any new lighthouse, buoy, or beacon, H. M. may by order in council fix such dues in respect thereof to be paid by the master or owner of every ship which passes the same or derives benefit therefrom, as H. M. may deem reasonable, and may from time to time alter the amount thereof; and such dues shall be paid and collected in the same manner, by the saine means, and subject to the same conditions in, by, and subject to which the light dues authorised to be levied by this act are paid and collected.-§ 410.