EXAMPLES.-C'est moi, it is I; c'est vous, it is you; ce sont eux, it is they. It is also conjugated with prepositions : c'est à vous à jouer, it is your turn to play; c'est à vous de jouer, you have a right to play.

704. ENGLISH IDIOMATIC TENSES, the French of which does not admit Etre: I am being dressed, on m'habille; thou art being shaved, on te rase; he is being washed, on le lave, etc. I was being curled, on me frisait; thou wast being taught, on t'instruisait; he was being led, on le conduisait.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

705. PROFESSIONAL SUGGESTIONS.-When the verbs aimer, finir, recevoir, and vendre are well known by the student, with the addition of the words recommended by way of practice, the instructor, for further exercise, might introduce personal, possessive, and demonstrative pronouns, as direct and indirect complements. No verb should be said without some such idiomatical accompaniment. We shall give here a few examples of the verbal constructions that young people might commit to memory :

1. Aimer la vertu; 2. Aimer un honnête homme; 3. Aimer son père et sa mère; 4. Aimer ses frères ; 5. Les aimer de tout son cœur ; 6. L'aimer et l'avoir ; 7. Aimer le sien mieux que le leur; 8. Aimer ceux-ci plus que ceux-là; 9. Aimer ceci moins que cela; 10. S'aimer chez soi; 11. Aimer sa patrie et ne pas aimer son village; 12. Aimer son pays et en être éloigné.

Conjugated thus: 1. J'aime la vertu; 2. J'aime un honnéte homme ; 3. J'aime mon père et ma mère; 4. J'aime mes frères; 5. Je les aime de tout mon cœur; 6. Je l'aime et je l'ai; 7. J'aime le mien mieux que le tien; 8. J'aime ceux-ci plus que ceux-là; 9. J'aime ceci moins que cela; 10. Je m'aime chez moi; 11. J'aime ma patrie, mais je n'aime pas mon village; 12. J'aime mon pays et j'en suis éloigné.

706. Aimer, To LOVE, OR TO LIKE.

SIMPLE TENSES. 669, 682.

INDICATIVE MOOD.-Present Tense: Sing. J'aime, I love, I am loving, I do love; tu aimes, thou lovest; il or elle aime, he or she loves.-Plur. Nous aimons, we love; vous aimez, ye or you love; ils or elles aiment, they love.

REMARKS.-Do and Am, used in English for the preceding tense, have no equivalent in French verbs. It is to be regretted, for nothing can be said that answers to such emphatic phrases as, I do love him; I do! I am going; I am; believe me, etc. The same observation may be made regarding Did, in the following tense, and Was, with the participle present.

Do, dost, does, did, didst, must be considered as expressed, in common cases, by the simple Present and Imperfect tenses of the Indicative Mood.

IMPERFECT.-Sing. J'aimais, I was loving, I did love, I loved, or I used to love; tu aimais, thou wast loving; il aimait, he was loving.-Plur. Nous aimions, we were loving; vous aimiez, you were loving; ils aimaient, they were loving.

707. NOTE.-When Used to' denotes a customary act, some habitual performance, the French is, J'avais coutume de, j'étais dans l'usage de, and the following verb is applied in the Present Infinitive.

PAST DEFINITE.-Sing. J'aimai, I loved, or I did love; tu aimas, thou lovedst; il aima, he loved. -Plur. Nous aimâmes, we loved; vous aimâtes, you loved; ils aimèrent, they loved.

FUTURE.-Sing. J'aimerai, I shall or will love; tu aimeras, thou shalt or wilt love; il aimera, he shall or will love.Plur. Nous aimerons, we shall love; vous aimerez, you will love; ils aimeront, they will love.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.-Present: Sing. J'aimerais, I should, would, or could love; tu aimerais, thou wouldst love; il aimerait, he would love.-Plur. Nous aimerions, we should love; vous aimeriez, you would love; ils aimeraient, they would love.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.-Sing. Aime, love thou, be thou loving, love; qu'il aime, let him love.-Plur. Aimons, let us love; aimez, love ye, be ye loving, love; qu'ils aiment, let them love.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.-Present Tense: Sing. Que j'aime, that I may love; que tu aimes, that thou mayest love; qu'il aime, that he may love.-Plur. Que nous aimions, that we may love; que vous aimiez, that you may love; qu'ils aiment, that they may love.

IMPERFECT. Sing. Que j'aimasse, that I might love; que tu aimasses, that thou mightest love; qu'il aimất, that he might love. Plur. Que nous aimassions, that we might love; que vous aimassiez, that you might love; qu'ils aimassent, that they might love.

INFINITIVE MOOD.-Present Tense: Aimer, to love.

PARTICIPLE PRESENT: Aimant, loving. Participle Past: Aimé m., aimée f., loved. 683.

708. COMPOUND TENSES OF Aimer. 682.

The compound tenses of verbs active are formed by adding their respective Past Participle to the simple tenses of the auxiliary verb Avoir; viz. :—

INDICATIVE MOOD.-Past Indefinite: Sing. J'ai aimé, I have loved. It may also be used for I did love, etc. Plur. Nous avons aimé, we have loved, etc.

PAST ANTERIOR.-Sing. J'eus aimé, I had loved, etc. Plur. Nous eûmes aimé, we had loved, etc.

PLUPERFECT.-Sing. J'avais aimé, I had loved, etc. Plur. Nous avions aimé, we had loved, etc.

FUTURE ANTERIOR.-Sing. J'aurai aimé, I shall have loved, etc. Plur. Nous aurons aimé, we shall have loved.

CONDITIONAL MOOD.-Past Tense: Sing. J'aurais aimé, I should have loved, etc. Plur. Nous aurions aimé, we should have loved, etc.-There is another past tense of this mood, which is: Sing. J'eusse aimé, I should have loved, etc. Plur. Nous eussions aimé, we should have loved, etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.-Past Tense: Sing. Que j'aie aimé, that I may have loved, etc. Plur. Que nous ayons aimé, that we may have loved, etc.

PLUPERFECT.-Sing. Que j'eusse aimé, that I might have loved, etc. Plur. Que nous eussions aimé, that we might

have loved, etc.

INFINITIVE MOOD.-Present Tense: Avoir aimé, to have

loved.

PARTICIPLE PRESENT ANTERIOR: Ayant aimé, having loved. Future: Devant aimer, being about to love.

For tenses of the verb aimer, conjugated idiomatically, see those of Avoir and Etre.

709. INTERROGATIVELY: Aimé-je, aimes-tu, aime-t-il, etc. NEGATIVELY: N'aimer pas, or ne pas aimer; je n'aime pas, tu n'aimes pas, il n'aime pas, etc.-INTER. and NEGAT. N'aimé-je pas, n'aimes-tu pas, n'aime-t-il pas ? etc. COMPOUND TENSES: Ai-je aimé ? etc.; je n'ai pas aimé, etc.; n'ai-je pas aimé ? etc.

When a verb has its Present Infinitive ending with the letters er, as, chanter, danser, donner, etc., it is conjugated like aimer. Two verbs only must be excepted; they are, Aller, to go, and Envoyer, to send. See Irregular Verbs, further on.

Upwards of 5,000 verbs in the French language are conjugated precisely like aimer.

OBSERVATIONS REGARDING SOME VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION.

710. Verbs having their Present Infinitive ending with ger, as partager, manger, juger, etc., have a silent e, termed also euphonical e, inserted between g and a or o, where the tenses have any of the terminations ai, as, a, ant, ais, ait, aient, ois, oit, oient, or ons ; as mangeant; je partageai; tu jugeais; il changea; je corrigeois, tu nageois, il songeoit; nous rangeons.

711. Verbs such as placer, tracer, have a cedilla put under the c, as ç, when, in the course of the conjugation, this c immediately precedes a or o; as nous plaçons, je traçais, etc.

712. Verbs in which an accented e, as é, precedes final er, as, céder, digérer, régner, have this é changed into è, with an accent grave, whenever an unaccented e follows it; as je cèderai; il digère; elle règnera. But verbs with the termination éger, as, abréger, protéger, are subjected to no such alteration : j'abrége; tu protégeras.

713. Verbs in which final er is preceded by an unaccented e, such as lever, mener, have an accent grave

put over this è, when the next syllable contains another unaccented e; viz., je lève; tu mèneras.

714. Verbs having the terminations eler, eter, such as appeler, jeter, have the consonant or t repeated before an unaccented e; examples, j'appellerai; je jette. There is not, however, any repetition of or t before final ez; ex. vous appelez; vous jetez.

A few verbs having the terminations eler, eter, are not subjected to this rule: congeler, geler, etc., receive an accent grave over their penultimate e, instead of doubling their lor t ex. l'eau se congèle par le froid; il gèle à pierre fendre. We prefer doubling the consonant in some of the tenses of bourreler, déceler, harceler, peler, acheter, colleter, coqueter, décolleter, étiqueter, trompéter, because we coincide with Napoléon Landais, who supports himself with the authority of the French Academy.

Verbs with the terminations éler, éter, such as révéler, végéter, are included in Rule 712.

715. When the Participle Present of a verb ends with iant, such as priant, sacrifiant, suppliant, that verb must have the i repeated in the first and second persons plural of the Imperfect Indicative and Present Subjunctive; as, nous priions, vous priicz; que nous sacrifiions, que vous suppliiez.

When the participle present of a verb ends with yant, such as balayant, déployant, tutoyant, that verb must have an i added to the y in the first and second persons plural of the Imperfect Indicative and Present Subjunctive; as nous balayions, vous balayiez; que nous déployions, que vous tutoyiez. Such a verb has, moreover, y changed into i before an unaccented e; as balayant, je balaie; déployant, je déploierai; tutoyant, tu tutoies.

NOTE.-L'Académie Fançaise recommend preserving the y before final e, es, and ent, in verbs that have their Present Infinitive ending with ayer; as, je raye, tu payes, ils balayent, etc.

716. MODEL OF A VERB IN ayer.-The tenses will easily