icut, 108,797; from Maine, 93,256; from New Ha and from Rhode Island, 22,459.

From another point of view it will be seen how New England are distributed. New York has 133,272 California, 46,908; Iowa, 38,170; Michigan, 37, 37,615; Minnesota, 34,636; Ohio, 32,819; Penns Kansas, 19,338; New Jersey, 18,148; and other Sta and much less. Vermont has sent away the larges population, and New Hampshire the least. Maine a have sent the largest delegations to California, being all the emigrants in that State from New England. census that the States bordering on New York-Ver setts, and Connecticut-have sent over 100,000 perso while the other New England States have sent only so representation from New England (178,207) in the much larger than is generally supposed. This emi been going on for three fourths of a century, and it a fact of great interest if we could ascertain the nu born in New England who have ever removed from the Middle and Western States as well as to the Terri

The census of 1850 shows that at that time there w 1860 there were 562,997; in 1870 there were 615,74 566,848. It will be seen by these figures that for tv number has been very stationary, the new emigrants m good the number who had deceased.

It is full two generations since this emigration co nearly all those persons emigrating were between the and forty, great numbers must have died at various exact amount of this mortality it is impossible to asc data for forming anything like a correct estimate are uncertain. It may have been a quarter of a million, half million. What has been the effect of this steady a of people on New England opens a question of much in

Without entering upon the discussion of the subject or three suggestions. It will be admitted, we presu young men and women, leaving their homes, possesse thing, more physical energy and mental stamina than ing behind. Such a loss of physical vigor and charac had a decided effect upon business interests as well a state of society. But, from another point of view, the had a more decided and lasting influence, that is, in effect upon physical and mental development. The bet ples of physiology are understood the more we discover

erful influence physical organization has upon the character o ple. The permanent prosperity of any community depends f upon the laws of inheritance than is generally supposed.

Let the most enterprising and promising among the youn emigrate from a place, and it must, in the course of time, influence. Whether the vital interests of New England have fered in this respect, from so many persons emigrating in th of life presents a question worthy of careful consideration.

INTERCHANGE OF POPULATION.-There is another chang on in these States quite different from the one described. T sists in frequent removals from one State to another.

The census of 1880 shows that Massachusetts had at th 68,226 residents born in Maine; 54,088 born in New Han 26,869 in Vermont; 20,514 in Connecticut; and 17,067 in Island, making 186,764 persons who have removed there fro States. At the same time these five other States had 85,478 living in their bounds born in Massachusetts. Deduct thes from the 186,764, and Massachusetts gains over 100,000, most Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont.

There is very little migration from the other New Englan to Connecticut or Rhode Island, and scarcely any from the 1 the former. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, ma nearly equal exchanges, neither gaining nor losing much. T movals from one State to another are prompted from a great of interests, personal and local. The States most benefited are those employed largely in manufacturing business. These are carried on chiefly between villages and cities, and seldo place in the rural or country districts. It may be said that the element is largely concerned in these removals.

COUNTRY LIFE EXCHANGED FOR THE CITY.-This chang governed at all by State lines. It commenced forty or fifty ye from country districts to places where trade or business de help. The introduction of manufactures and mechanical pu various kinds, as well as the opening of railroads, created a g mand for laborers. By means of those changes and other a trade and commerce became very much enlarged, and furnish ployment for increased numbers.

Here and there new centers of business were formed; lages sprang up, and large towns were converted into cities. parts of New England these removals have taken place to extent as to change the face of the country and the state of It commenced first in the small farming towns, and has p most in places remote from markets and railroad accommodati

The effect of such removals is especially marked in Massac as she possesses a larger number of cities more railroad facilit

and the census of 1880 reports a loss in 143 towns.

It will be seen that the number of towns losing at each census, but undoubtedly the same towns are creasing in numbers each decade. It should be stat one quarter of those towns, the loss was occasioned the town or annexing a part of it to some other place be stated that the removals from the country distric cities do not account for all these losses of population the West, and to other distant places, does a part of also does death.

There is another item in the account: the birth-r declined in rural districts, that scarcely any addition from natural increase. But, as the death-rate in many the birth-rate, the thinning out of the people is not co chusetts.

In Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, the hill of the agricultural districts are losing more or less alone by death or emigration of young people, but by whole families to more populous places. In Rhode I necticut there is not the same extent of territory, an more equally distributed; but still the census of Con a decrease of population in some sixty towns in the the State. Statistics show that this removal of people try to the city has been increasing every year; and wh or what is to be the result, time only can tell.

AGRICULTURE AS RELATED TO OTHER PURSUITS.-C this decrease of population in country districts, there is tant consideration, that it involves a change of occupatio given up for work in the store, the shop, and the mill a century the business of New England has passed changes.

By the censuses of 1860, 1870, and 1880, we find, ins creased number engaged in agriculture with the incre tion, that the number has been actually diminishing. divides all kinds of business or occupation into four clas culture; 2. Professional and personal service; 3. Trad portation; and, 4. Manufactures and mechanics. An e the tables representing these four classes in the report 1880 shows that the last three classes have increased more than the first class.

The number engaged in agriculture has fallen off in Vermont and Massachusetts stand in respect to agricultu points; the former has more people engaged in farming

other pursuits, while the latter has only about one tenth as m ployed on the farm as are engaged in other pursuits.

Maine has the largest number of any State engaged in agr -about one third of her whole population—and she at the sa possesses the greatest amount of territory to cultivate. New shire has half as many engaged in agriculture as in all other tions; Connecticut has one fourth, and Rhode Island only on The whole number in New England engaged in agriculture was and in other pursuits, 1,268,116-more than four times as ma 1870 the proportion was one to three.

A comparison of this table (1880) with that in the census. shows a far greater increase in the class of professional perso in that of any other occupation or pursuit. The census of 1870 only 145,324, while the census of 1880 reports 349,984 persons increase is found in every State, though in some States greater others. Whether this great increase of professional persons years is an indication of an improved state of society or not, is tion upon which there might be differences of opinion.

It is well understood that, fifty years ago, farming constit principal occupation of New England; but, instead of main its position, with a greatly increased population, it has fallen hind other pursuits. The great additions made to her peop been absorbed in trade, in manufactures, and mechanical busin considering this exchange of agriculture for other pursuits, a of great interest arises: What is to be its effect upon physical zation and the permanent prosperity of a people?

No fact is more firmly established than that agricultural are the most healthy of all, and that those engaged in them physical development in its best estate. All experience proves exclusive city population tends gradually to degenerate ph and that the stock can not be kept good from generation eration.

It is well understood that the only conservative power t prevent this degeneracy in cities is that their population shall stantly replenished by recruits from the country. But it sh borne in mind that the places in the country made vacant by t movals are soon occupied by a different race of people, and t foreign element is pretty likely to increase more and more in t ing districts of New England.

Supposing this change should generally take place in the districts, how is the purely American stock to improve or good? It can be done only by an intermingling of the race is even questionable.

CHANGE IN BIRTH-RATE.-There is no one agency so clos nected with the vital interests of a people as the matter of th

In the histor

to follow.

In respect to this agency, a most surprising cha been taking place in New England. Near the clo tury, Malthus, after making a survey of all the na selected the United States (virtually New Englan most populous part) upon which to base his theo Seeing that the inhabitants of these States doubl years by natural increase, he considered that it afford indications of prosperity. At that time the birth-ra lies were large, and few were found without children

From the first settlement at Plymouth in 1620 state of increase continued without much change years, but early in the present century some decline commenced. It is impossible to trace the exact cha taken place for the last two or three generations.

In some parts of New England the precincts and t tomed to keep very correct records of all births, bu generally printed, so no comparison of them can be thirty years or more several of the New England S lished registration reports of births in their cities an very correct comparisons can be instituted. Without tailed sketch by statistics, figures, etc., of the chang we present some general statements on this subject. years ago large families, numbering six, eight, ten, a quite common; now they are rare-in fact, a large families can not at the present time be found in any on or even in a single country town. Formerly, in the ru New England, there were few families having only on children, and in case there were none it was so rare as ticular attention, and was considered by many a great what a contrast is found in the present state of society majority of our American families only one, two, or are now found, and in very many families not one. An of society is approved by the fashions and prevailing se day!

As registration reports generally return the births population in the same tables with the American, an native is applied to all infants whose parents were bor try, though of foreign descent, it will be at once seen is to obtain the exact birth-rate separate of each class. pretty well established: 1. That the birth-rate of the f more than twice as large as the strictly American ; and, country districts of New England settled mainly by th