eco-

new

gradual emancipation of, 9;
Virginia passes law regulating
manumission of, 9; numbers of
in various States in 1790, 9;
counted in determining repre-
sentation in Congress, II, 12;
Jefferson's schemes for emanci-
pation and disposition of, 17 ff;
value of increased by invention
of cotton gin, 23; fugitive, over-
tures made to England for
treaty on, 28; instruction of
denied in Virginia, 44; physical
and moral condition of, 48.
Slave States, 23.
Slave trade, begun by Europe,

brutality of, 5; maintained by
Eng. trading companies, colon-
ists attempt to check, 5; New
Eng. in, 6; Virginia remon-
strates against, 8; clause in
Declaration of Independence de-
nouncing, suppressed; Mass., R.
I., and Middle States in; de-
nounced by Dr. Hopkins, 9;
Congress refused power to for-
bid until 1808; North aids ex-
treme South in fight to pro-
long; champions of defend only
as necessary evil, 13; stopped in
Virginia and Maryland, 20;
made piracy by Congress (1800),
22; revival of between Africa

and Cuba, 158; checked, 159.
Slave-trading companies, Eng-

lish, 5; oppose tax on slaves, 6.
Smith, Caleb B., supports Lincoln,

191.
Smith, Gerritt, characterized by

Andrew D. White, 55 ff; sup-

ports John Brown, 160, 168.
Smith, Wilfred H., 379.
Soulé, Pierre, in Congress, 89;
with Buchanan and Mason issues
Ostend manifesto, 128.
Souls of Black Folk, The," an
appeal for higher education of

negro, 398.
South. (See also VIRGINIA, etc.,

SLAVERY, etc.) Economic con-
ditions in favor slavery, 5; de-
mands Congress be refused right
to forbid slave trade, 12; all
ideas of abolishing slave trade
dropped in, 24; aggrieved by

protective tariff, 32; leadership
of passes to So. Carolina, 44, 229;
fully accepts slavery as estab.
institution, 46 ff; strengthens
defense of slavery, 54;
nomic disadvantages of, 69 ff;
disputes

territory with
North, attempts to nationalize
slavery, 80; opposes admission
of Calif. as free State, demands
allowance of slavery in Utah
and New Mexico, 84; demands
fugitive slave law, 85; leaders of
in Congress (1850), threatens
disunion, 89; denounces “ Per-
sonal Liberty Laws,” 91; North
outstrips in industrial growth;
advantages of over North, 94;
master class in analyzed by
Fanny Kemble, 105 ff; surprised
by Kansas-Nebraska bill, 113;
anti-slavery sentiment com-
pletely ostracized in, 129; sup-
pression of free speech in, 130;
leaders of (1850-60), 132; mag-
nifies State rights; general view
of slavery in, 133; apprehensive
of growing hostility in North,
134; clergy in united in defense
of slavery, 141; economic con-
ditions in compared with North
in Impending Crisis, 156; hostil-
ity in toward North increased
by Brown's raid, 167, 169-70;
misconceived by abolitionists,
168; renewed outbreaks in
against anti-slavery men, 169;
antagonism toward slave power
in, 170; solidarity against North
created by Brown's raid, 170;
presents ultimatum in Senate
(1859), 184; demands protec-
tion of slave-holding right in all
territories, 185; power of in de-
mocracy and state, 185; growing
hostility in, expulsion of anti-
slavery

men, 186; extreme,
breaks up Democratic party,
conjectural reasons for move,
187; Alex. H. Stephens explains
move, 189; open threats of
secession in, 193; position of on
secession, etc., defined, 197 ff;
underlying divergences from
North in sentiment and char-

move-

as

acter, 205 ff; ideal of society in,
205; religious life and literature
in, 206; inflamed against North,
sources of misunderstanding,
207; plantation life in at best,
208; concentration of interest in
on national politics, 208; con-
centrates on secession
ment, 209; duelling and street
affrays common in, 209; men
of in Texas, in Mexican war,
and filibusters," 209-10;
believes all war-spirit extinct in
North, 210; causes of united
action in, 211; North impatient
of political dominance of, 212;
patriotic sentiment still power-
ful in, 214; disunion sentiment
strongest in Gulf and Cotton
States, 214; reasons for suc-
cess of secession movement
in, 218 ff; leaders of resign
from Buchanan's cabinet, 224;
leaders of in Congress favor
secession, last formal

pre-
sentation of ultimatum of in
Senate, 225; general sentiment
in against armed repression of
secession, 227; So. Carolina
leader of, 229; views on Civil
war in, 237; bitterness against
North in, 241; moral effect of
war on, 244; courage of in war,
262; advantages of North over,
264; social conditions in after
war, 275; State legislatures and
conventions resumed in, 275,
276; 13th amendment ratified
in 276; Senators from refused
admission to Congress, 218; re-
ports of Gen. Grant and Carl
Schurz on conditions in after
war, 286 ff; views of on negro
labor, 287; laws governing negro
labor in after war, association of
whites and negroes forbidden
in, 290; Congressional represent.
of conditioned on negro suffrage
by 14th amendment, 298; pro-
posed to refuse suffrage to
leaders of, 299; mistake of such
course, 301; excepting Tennes-
see, rejects 14th amendment,
304; reconstruction of, see Re-

construction; government of
under reconstruction bill begins,
307, 310; number of

negro
voters in various States of, 311;
trials and struggles of under
new conditions, under martial
law, restored to self-government,
316; unfitness of negroes in for
suffrage, whites refuse to vote,
constitutional conventions held
and negro delegates chosen, 317;
typical attitude of whites in;
under "carpet bag" rule, 318,
332; Northern immigration into,
319; Northern teachers insulted
or disdained in; Northerners in
politics in; legislation in during
reconstruction, 320; extrava-
gance, waste and corruption in
under Republican governments;
exaggeration of, 321 ; negro rule
in, 319, 321; resumption of
white leadership in, 322 ff; con-
tinued interference of Congress
in, 326; growth of Republican
opposition to Federal interfer-
ence in; repudiation in, 332;
Democrats organize resistance
to Republican rule in and prac-
tice intimidation, 339 ff; Federal
troops withdrawn from, 353;
regeneration of, 354; whites in
driven to labor, 355; end of
Federal interference in, 371, 402;
negro suffrage practically nulli-
fied in, civil rights secured to
negroes, 372, 382, 388; refuses
social equality to negro, 373,
407-8; fear of race mixture in,
*374, 407; development of in-
dustrial democracy in, 379; pres-
ent condition of politics in, 379
ff; why “solid,” 380; life in di-
versifying, growth of literature
in, 380; growth of standard of
education in, 381; widening gulf
between the races in, 382; legal
and practical limitation of suf-
frage in, 382 ff, 388; efforts in
to restrict negro education, 385;
negro still has industrial free-
dom in, 385, 395; pronounced at-
titude of on social inferiority of
negro, 386; hopes for better

conditions, growth of goodwill
and confidence in, 389; amount
spent by for negro education,
397; educational and industrial
problems of, 397 ff; suffrage
laws in, 400; politics in, no
Longer a struggle between
whites and blacks, 401; scheme
to reduce representation of
under 14th amendment, 403;
government aid to education in
advocated, 404; disproportion-
ate share of national expense
borne by, 405; problem of social

equal. of races in, 406 ff.
South Carolina (see also CAROLI-

NAS, The), demands representa-
tion based on slave numbers, II;
refuses to join Union if slave
trade forbidden, 12; revolts over
tariff, claims right of nullifica-
tion, 32; passes law against
negro seamen, 73; considers
secession, 221; passes ordinance
of secession, 223; occupies Ft.
Moultrie and Castle Pinckney,
224; leads South, 229; emanci-
pation in, 260; provisional gov-
ernment formed in, 275; recon-
structed, 310; negro voters in
majority in, 311; under "carpet-
bag,” rule, 332 ff; Presidential
and State vote of contested
(1876), 348 ff; legal limitation

of suffrage in, 383.
Southern Democracy, asserts uni-

versal right of slave-holding,

186.
“Southern Planter, A," 100.
Southern Statesmen of the Old

Régime,” 137.
Speed, Joshua F., 178; resigns

from cabinet, 303.
Springfield Republican, 124 and

note, 127; its opinion of John
Brown, 162; state's issue be-
tween Democrats and Republi-
cans in 1864, 265; favors educa-
tional test for suffrage, 308, 310;
prophesies slave-holding class
will regain power, 322;. sup-
ports Independent Republicans,
328; on Hayes-Tilden contest,
351,

Stanton, Edwin M., Attorney-

General, 224; in Lincoln's cabi-
net, 249; attitude of on eman-
cipation proclamation, 257; in
Johnson's cabinet, 274; sup-
ports Johnson in reconstruction
plans, 276; becomes bitterly
opposed to Johnson, 303; re-
moved by Johnson, 311.
Star of the West," sent with
supplies to Anderson, driven

from Charleston harbor, 224.
State rights, theory of, 133.
States, relative power of in Con-

gress determined, 11.
Stearns, George L., supports

John Brown, 160.
Stephens, Alexander H., sketch

of his life and views, 137 ff;
political activity of, 138; in
Congress, and Vice-President of
Confederacy, 139, 227; explains
defection of Southern Demo-
crats, 189; supports Douglas in
1860 campaign, 193; opposes
secession, 211,

215; labors
against secession, 219, 221, 225;
Vice-President of Southern
Confederacy, 227; pleads for

negro rights, 302.
Stevens, Thaddeus, Republican

leader in Penn., 276; leader of
House, 281; sketch of, 282; op-
poses Pres. Johnson's recon-
struction plan, 285; his drastic
reconstruction bill defeated, 306;
House prosecutor of Johnson,

311; death of, 331.
Story, Judge, on taxes in Miss.,

336.
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, publishes

“Uncle Tom's Cabin," 97; her
views of slavery as pictured
therein, 109; publishes “ Dred,"

123.
Suffrage, manhood, adopted, 21;

equal, without test passed in
North, 308; negro, representa-
tion of South conditioned on,
298;

proposal to refuse to
leaders of South, 299—see also
Amendments, Constitutional;
Springfield Republican favors
educațional test for, 308, 310;

lina, 332.

unfitness of negroes in South
for after war, 317; of negroes
practically nullified in South,
372; legal limitation of in

South, 382 ff; 388.
Sumner, Charles, opinion of aboli-

tionists, 54; joins “ Free Soil”
party, 81; in Senate, 92; de-
nounces slavery in Congress, as-
saulted by Brooks, 122; in Re-
publican party, 127; opposes
admission of Senators from
Confederate States, 270; Lin-
coln refuses to quarrel with,
270; Republican leader in
Mass., 276; sketch of, 282; in
Senate, 284; opposes Pres.
Johnson's reconstruction plan,
286; belief of in Republican
party, 309; quarrels with Grant,

328; death of, 331.
Sumner, Colonel, in Kansas, 118.
TANEY, Chief Justice, in Dred

Scott case, 147.
Tappan, Arthur, 40, 44.
Tappan, Lewis, 44.
Tariff, of abominations, 32; pro-

tective, 31 ff; compromise on,
33 ff; supported in Georgia,
211; adopted

adopted by Republican
party, 190; burden of to South,

405.
Taylor, Zachary (Gen.), 76; nomi-

nated by Whigs, 81; elected, 82;
denounces threats of disunion
as treason, 89; favors admission
of Calif. as free State, 90;

death of, 90; in North, 208.
Tennessee, added as slave State,

23; votes against holding seces-
sion convention, 227; secedes,
235; provisional govt. estab. in,
267, 275; rights of negro con-
served in, 302; readmitted un-

der 14th amendment, 303.
Tenure of office law, passed;

Pres. Johnson accused of vio-

lating, 311.
Territories, power of Congress

over, 149.
Texas, annexation of, 74 ff; slav-

ery re-estab. in, 75; becomes a
state, 76; emancipation in, 260;
silent on 13th amendment, 262;

provisional govt. of, 275; re-
constructed, 310; relative num-
ber of negro voters in, 311; un-
der martial law, 316; becomes

Democratic, 323.
Thayer, Eli, originates New Eng.

Emigrant Aid Society; 116.
Thomas, Lorenzo (Gen.), Sec'y

of War, 311.
Thompson, George, aids Garrison,

51.
Thompson, Richard W., Sec'y of

Navy under Hayes, 353.
Tilden, Samuel J., leader of

Democrats, 313; nominated for
President; characterized; appar-
ently elected, 347; election con-

tested, 348 ff.
Tomlinson, Reuben, Repub. candi-

date for governor of S. Caro-
Toombs, Robert, sketch of, 136 ff;

political activity of, 138; gives
moral support to Preston
Brooks, 138; in Confederate
cabinet and army, 139, 227; sup-
ports Breckinridge in 1860 cam-
paign, 193; advocates secession

Georgia legislature, 2017
supports secession movement,
221; states South's ultimatum
in Congress, 225; in Confederate

cabinet, 227.
Trade unions, attitude of toward

negroes, 385, 395; danger of
excluding negroes from, 396.
Trumbull, Lyman, elected Sena-

tor, 177; favors admission of
Senators from Louisiana, 270;
in Senate, 283, 284, 285; favors
Freedmen's Bureau bill, 294 ;
votes to acquit Pres. Johnson,
312; in opposition to adminis-

tration, 331.
Tuskegee Institute, 378; function

of, 398.
Truth, Sojourner, 96.
“Twenty Years of Congress,"

Blaine's, quoted, 307, 310.
Tyler, John, becomes President,

71.

in

"UNCLE Tom's Cabin," 97 ff; re-

ception, 98; “Key to," 99;
criticism of, 99,

Underground railroad, the, 85.
Unionism, spirit of strong in

white laboring class of South,
214; strength of at North, 218,
248.
Unitarians, 143.
“Up from Slavery," Booker

Washington's personal story

told in, 378.
Utah, South demands permission

of slavery in, 84.

WADE, Benjamin, in Senate, 114;

in Republican party, 127; favors
radical reconstruction, 270; in

U. S. Senate, 283, 285.
Walker, Boston negro,

issues
Appeal, 41.
Walker, Robert J., 117; appointed

governor of Kansas, 150; de-
feats fraud in ballot, and is de-

serted by Buchanan, 152.
War, terrors of. See Civil War,

237 ff.

“ Free

VAN BUREN, Martin, 30; becomes

President, 71; receives

Soil" nomination, 82.
Van Winkle, Senator, votes to

acquit Pres. Johnson, 312.
Vardaman, Gov., of Mississippi,

388.
Virginia, tries to discourage slave

trade by tax; slave labor foun-
dation of aristocracy in, 6; re-
monstrates against continuance
of slave trade, 8; forbids im-
portation of slaves, passes law
regarding manumission of
slaves, number of slaves in 1790,
9; against strengthening the
slave power, 11; protests against
restraint of Congress to forbid
slave trade, 12; consents (1778)
to abolish slave trade, 18; stops
importing slaves, 20; conven-
tion for revis. of constitution,
41; general emancipation de-
bated, 42 ff; plans for fail, 43;
passes severe laws against in-
citement to rebel, instruction of
slaves, etc., loses leadership
of South, 44; Mrs. Burton Har-
rison's personal reminiscences
of before the war, 100; calls
convention to consider seces-
sion, 222; calls peace congress,
228; secedes, 235; emancipation
in, 260; loyal State govt. in
recognized, 275; delays her final
restoration to Union, 310; rela-
tive number of negro voters in,
311; under martial law, 316;
Democrats regain, 323; legal
limitation of suffrage in, 383 ;
co-operation of whites and
negroes for good govt. in, 401,

" War Between the States," by

Alex. H. Stephens, 189.
" War Democrats,” 194, 253.
Warmouth, Henry C., in govt. of

Louisiana, 341.
Warner, Col., in govt. of Miss.,

336.
Warren, Henry W., in govt. of

Miss., 336, 337; on conditions
and experiences in Miss. during

reconstruction, 337 ff.
Washburn, Israel, Jr., helps or-

ganize Republican party, 114.
Washington, city of, threatened

by Confederates, 237.
Washington, George, 2; opinion

of New Englanders, 2; concep-
tion of liberty and of slavery,
3; favors Revolution, 8; against
strengthening slave power, II;
views of on slavery, 15; private
life and character of, 15 ff; his
treatment of his slaves, frees
them, 16; on necessity of abol-

ishing slavery, 391.
Washington, Booker T., pupil of

and successor to Gen. Arm-
strong; his aims and methods;
personal story of, 378; enter-
tained

Pres. Roosevelt,
386.
Watterson, Henry, in Hayes-Til-

den contest, 352.
Webster, Daniel, defends protec-
tive tariff, 32;

debate with
Hayne, 33; his public life char-
acterized, 64 ff; 7th of March
speech on slavery questions, 87;
defects of speech, 88; political
and moral characteristics of,
88; in Fillmore's cabinet, 90;
allied with upper classes, 92; as
Pres, candidate defeated in

by