Low a higher the husband

of which are e from this

TABLE 47.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

having the i wife. The

ire income e husband highest per en and the ige having not before

INCOME J

the desig ed, which:

ercentage s or lodg

a For selection of families, see p. 116.

The preceding table shows that of 287 families studied, 75.7 per cent of the total yearly income is derived from earnings of husband, only 0.7 per cent of the income is derived from the earnings of the wife, while 15.1 per cent of the total income comes from contributions of children, 6.9 per cent from payments of boarders or lodgers, and 1.6 per cent from other sources. The families whose heads are native whites born of native father show that a very much higher percentage of the total yearly income is derived from the earnings of husband than the families of the other nativity groups. The families whose heads are native-born of foreign father show the highest percentage of the total yearly income from earnings of wife, followed by the native whites born of native father and the foreignborn, in the order named. The foreign-born families show the highest per cent of total income from children, followed by the native-born of foreign father, while the native whites born of native father show only a small percentage of the total yearly income derived from this source. The families whose heads are of foreign birth also show the highest percentage from payments of boarders or lodgers. The families whose heads are native-born of foreign father show the highest percentage of total income from other sources. Of the families whose heads are native-born of foreign father, those of German parentage show a higher percentage of the total yearly income from earnings of husband and earnings of wife than do the families whose heads. are of Irish parentage, which, however, show a larger percentage of the total yearly income from contributions of children, payments of boarders or lodgers, and from other sources than do the Germans. Of the families whose heads are of foreign birth, the Poles show the highest percentage of the total yearly income derived from earnings. of husband and of wife, the German families show the highest percentage from contributions of children and payments of boarders or lodgers, and South Italian families the highest percentage of the total yearly income from other sources.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Regularity of employment-The immigrant and organized labor-[Text Tables 48 to 49 and General Table 26].

REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.

As throwing light upon the regularity of employment, as well as the relative industriousness of the different races and nativity groups of employees of the industry, the table presented below will be found useful. It shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past year by males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over.

TABLE 48.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The preceding table shows that of 805 males reporting complete data 38.6 per cent worked twelve months, 65.2 per cent worked nine months or over, 87.1 per cent worked six months or over, and 96.6 per cent worked three months or over during the past year. The males who are native whites born of native father and who are 16 years of age show the highest percentage who worked twelve months and who worked nine months or over, the males who are native-born of foreign father and those of foreign birth following in the order named. The males who are native-born of foreign father show the highest percentage who worked six months or over and three months or over, followed, in the order named, by those who are native whites born of native father and males of foreign birth. Of the native-born of foreign father, the males of Irish parentage show the highest per cent who worked twelve months and six months or over, while both the males of Irish parentage and those of German parentage show the same proportion working nine months or over, and both show

100 per cent who worked three months or over. Of males, the Irish show the highest per cent who specified period of time excepting nine months or ov lowest per cent who worked twelve months, and lowest per cent who worked nine months or over over, and three months or over.

THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABO

The small extent to which the employees were n organizations is shown in the following table, whic general nativity and race of individual, the affilia unions of males 21 years of age or over in the house the East:

TABLE 49.-Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or for wages, by general nativity and race of individu

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Of the 710 males for whom information was obtain cent are affiliated with trade unions, the proportion being slightly below the proportion shown for all much below the proportion shown by the nativefather, while of the native-born of native father, wh those for whom information was obtained is affilia unions. Among the foreign-born it will be noted Italians or Turks, only 2.6 per cent of the Irish, and proportion each of the Germans and Poles are affili unions. On the other hand, the Slovaks show a ver tion, or 52.2 per cent, so affiliated. Among the native father the Irish show a much larger proportion affili unions than do the Germans. This position of the Iri native-born of foreign father, it will be noted, is just th foreign-born.

CHAPTER V.

HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.

Rent in its relation to standard of living-Boarders and lodgers-Size of apartments occupied-Size of households studied-Congestion [Text Tables 50 to 62 and General Tables 27 to 38].

RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.

The rent payments of the households the heads of which were employed in the leather tanning and finishing industry are chiefly significant because of their bearing upon standards of living. Congestion within the households arises from the practice, especially in the case of households the heads of which are of recent immigration, to crowd persons in their apartments in order to reduce the per capita outlay for rent. The first table submitted shows the average rental per month, per apartment, per room, and per person, according to general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 50.-Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

3

0

1

General nativity and race of head of household.

5.5 per ign-born nd very foreign t one of h trade o South Iv larger

h trade propor

foreign

h trade Germans

e of the

The above table shows the average rent per apartment to be $10.80, per room $2.12, and per person $1.81. Persons native-born of foreign father pay the highest rent per apartment; native-born of native father follow, while foreign-born pay less than nativeborn of foreign father. Persons native-born of native father show the

63