The

ilous task. Going carelessly to the spring, as if they suspected nothing, they filled their vessels and bore them back to the fort. Five hundred rifles were aimed at them while they were dipping up the water, but not one was fired. shrewd pioneers of the wilderness had judged Indian character aright. The next day the surrender of the fort was demanded; but a spirited refusal was returned, and no further attempts were made on its brave defenders.

431. Congress having purchased of the Indians a large tract north of the Ohio, a new impetus was given to emigration. In 1788, a party of New Englanders commenced the first permanent settlement in Ohio at Marietta. In the same year, Matthias Denman bought the land on which the city of Cincinnati stands. With the aid of a school-master he laid out a town there, the first log hut being built in December, 1789, on what is now the corner of Main and Front streets.

How was this injury avenged? Tell what happened at Bryan Station. 481. What gave a new impetus to emigration? Give an account of the first permanent settlement in Ohio. What was the origin of Cincinnati? What occasioned great anxiety to Wash

The exposed condition of these important settlements in the Ohio valley, as well as the intrigues of the Spaniards, who were trying to detach the West from the Union, was a source of great anxiety to both Washington and Congress. Gen. St. Clair, a Revolutionary officer of high character, was appointed first governor of the Territory; and a fort (named after Washington) was erected within the present limits of Cincinnati, on a spot where the aboriginal mound-builders had constructed one of their vast works. In purchasing the tract referred to, great care had been taken to get the sanction of all the tribes supposed to have an interest in it; but others who had not signed the treaty afterwards claimed to be part owners of the land, and assumed so threatening a tone that Congress had no alternative but war. In the fall of 1790, 1,400 men, ill disciplined and poorly equipped, were sent under Gen. Harmer against the Miami villages, on the present site of Fort Wayne, Ind. They reached their destination in safety, and the fields of the Miamis were devastated. Harmer then divided his army into detachments, for the pursuit of the scattered Indians. One of these was soon defeated by Captain Wells, a Kentuckian, who had been carried off by the savages when a boy and was now one of their chiefs; another was led into an ambuscade by Little Turtle, and cut to pieces. The remains of the unfortunate army with difficulty made their way back to Fort Washington.

432. The news of Harmer's reverses produced general dissatisfaction; and the president hastened to send a more efficient army into the wilderness. Gen. St. Clair was selected. as its leader. Advancing gradually into the enemy's country, he found himself on the 3d of November, 1791, encamped with 1,400 men near a branch of the Wabash at a place afterwards called Fort Recovery. The Indians were in strong force near at hand, and that very night held a council to decide upon their course. Their leading spirit was Little Turtle,

ington and Congress? Who was appointed first governor of the North West Territory? What fort was erected? What claims were soon raised? What was Congress compelled to do? Give an account of Harmer's expedition. 432. What was the consequence of Harmer's reverses? Who was selected as his successor? Where did St. Clair find him

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an impassioned orator, a fearless warrior, six feet in height, of muscular frame, dignified manners, stern features, and forbidding expression. He was at this time forty-five years old, and dressed in the most imposing style of Indian display, at least twenty ounces of silver ornaments hanging from his nose and ears. In the dusky circle round the council-fire, this wily savage presented a well-digested plan for surprising the American army, and with fiery eloquence persuaded his brother chieftains to adopt it.

Three hours before daylight on the 4th of November the American army was paraded under arms, and about sunrise it was dismissed to make preparations for an immediate march against the Indian villages. While the men were thus engaged, a single rifle was heard in front, and the next moment a deadly fire was poured in on all sides. The militia, who were posted in front, rushed through the ranks of the regu lars; but the latter kept their ground and returned as well as they could, yet with little effect, the fire of their unseen enemies. St. Clair, though enfeebled by disease, made every effort to save his men. Borne hither and thither on his litter, wherever the contest raged most fiercely, he gave his orders with coolness and judgment, and directed vigorous charges to be made at different points. For a moment, success followed these efforts; but the whoop of the fearless chief would be heard, echoed by a thousand voices, and the Red Men would press on more fiercely than before. Terrible havoc was made, and it became evident that a timely retreat alone could save the army from total destruction. An impetuous charge was made by Col. Darke, with such spirit that the Indians were obliged to fall back, and through the open space thus gained the sad remnant of the devoted army rushed in a hasty retreat. Gen. St. Clair was assisted to mount one of the few remaining horses, and followed his flying regiments. The news of this disastrous overthrow

self, November 3d, 1791? What was done by the Indians that same night? Give an account of their council. Describe Little Turtle. What decision was arrived at? What was the state of things in the American camp the next morning? What was suddenly heard? How did the militia behave? Give an account of the battle. How

appalled the whole nation, and called forth again loud clamors from those who opposed the government. A third expedition became necessary; and, determined that it should have a capable leader, Washington gave the command to Gen. Wayne, the "mad Anthony" of the Revolution.

7433. Meantime Congress was still occupied with financial matters. The business community labored under discour aging embarrassments, for which a uniform currency, enjoying the confidence of the people, seemed to promise the only remedy. To create this, Hamilton projected a national bank, which was chartered by Congress in March, 1791, under the name of the Bank of the United States. It was located at Philadelphia, which had become the seat of government, had a capital of $10,000,000, and was empowered to issue bills, discount notes, and receive deposits. The beneficial effects of this institution on all kinds of business were immediately felt.

434. As we have seen, a strong party had from the outset opposed the constitution. Their chief argument against it was that it gave too much power to the general government, and limited that of the individual states. This party, which embraced Jefferson and other distinguished patriots, soon became known as "Republicans", "Democrats", or "States' Rights Men", in opposition to the "Federalists”, as those were called who approved of a strong central government. Hamilton was one of the strongest federalist leaders, and his measures, particularly those relating to the bank and the collection of the revenue, were severely denounced by his opponents. The duty, or excise, laid on domestic spirits was peculiarly unpopular in Western Pennsylvania; and public meetings were held, at which such officers as

was a retreat made good? What is said of Gen. St. Clair? What followed this overthrow? What was resolved on? Who was intrusted with the command of the third expedition? 433. What still occupied the attention of Congress? What seemed to be the only remedy? What was projected by Hamilton? When was the Bank of the United States chartered? Where was it located? What was its capital? What was it empowered to do? What were its effects? 434. What objection was urged against the constitution? What two parties were formed? What distinguished man was a republican? Who was a strong federalist leader? What measures of Hamilton were de nounced? What measure in particular was opposed? Where? What steps were ta

1793] THE YELLOW FEVER BREAKS OUT.

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should attempt to collect it were threatened with violence. Notwithstanding the warmth of party feeling, however, Washington, whose first term expired March 4th, 1793, was unanimously reëlected. Adams was also rechosen to the vice-presidency. Meanwhile, New York having surrendered her claims in consideration of $30,000, Vermont was received into the Union in 1791; and the following year Kentucky became a member of the confederacy.

435. In August, 1793, the American people were visited by a calamity to which up to this time they had been strangers. The yellow fever broke out in Philadelphia with such virulence that in three months out of a population of 60,000 no less than 4,000 perished. The terror of the people was unprecedented, and all who could deserted the city. Among those who remained to minister to the sick, was Dr. Benjamin Rush, whose treatment of the disease was eminently successful. This illustrious man was a native of Pennsylvania, and a graduate of Edinburgh University, whence he returned to practise in Philadelphia. A signer of the Declaration of Independence and a medical writer whose works are still studied with profit, Dr. Rush was distinguished alike as a patriot and a man of letters. He died in 1813, at the age of 72.

436. Hardly had the country recovered from the alarm created by the pestilence, when a renewal of difficulties in Western Pennsylvania produced fresh consternation. The people, there, had been encouraged to open insurrection by the course of Mr. Ge-net', the agent of the revolutionary party in France, whose arrival in America had been the signal for the organization of democratic societies hostile to government, on the plan of the Jacobin clubs of Paris. It was agreed among the disaffected that no tax should be paid on whiskey. The U. S. Marshal was fired upon, the

ken? Who were the successful candidates at the second election under the constitution? What new states were admitted into the Union? When? 435. What calamity visited the American people in August, 1793? Where did the yellow fever break out? Give an account of its ravages. Who treated the disease with success? What is said of Dr. Rush? 436. By what troubles was the yellow fever followed? What had encouraged the people of Western Pennsylvania to open insurrection? What did they do to the