broken by the defeat of the troops under Gens. Jack son and Hood. At Fredericksburg his men were posted along the bank of the Rappahannock, opposite the city, and on Marye's Hill. In the second day's fight at Gettysburg his division was attached to Gen. Longstreet's corps, which drove back Gen. Sickles's corps. At the siege of Knoxville he was ordered by Gen. Longstreet to assail Fort Saunders. He protested against the movement, on the ground that it involved too serious risks with no compensatory probabilities of success. On a repetition of orders he made the attempt, and was soon convinced of the correctness of his judgment, and ordered a retreat. For this act he was summoned before a courtmartial, by which his conduct was justified. During Gen. Sherman's march to the sea Gen. McLaws commanded the military district of Georgia, and had charge of the defenses of Savannah. In March, 1865, he commanded a division in the battles of Averysboro, N. C. (16th), and Bentonville (21st). His command was surrendered with the army under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. In 1875 he was appointed collector of internal revenue at Savannah, and in 1876 postmaster of that city.

McMillan, Samuel James Renwick, jurist, born in Brownsville, Pa., Feb. 22, 1826; died in St. Paul, Minn., Oct. 3, 1897. He was graduated at Duquesne College, Pittsburg, in 1846; studied law in the office of Edwin M. Stanton, afterward secretary of war; was admitted to the bar in 1849; and settled in Stillwater, Minn., to practice in 1852. In 1856 he removed to St. Paul, where a year later he was elected judge of the 1st Judicial Circuit of Minnesota. He was appointed an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the State in 1864, and held the office till 1874, when he was appointed Chief Justice. In February, 1875, he was elected United States Senator. He was re-elected in 1881. While in the Senate he was chairman of the Committee on Claims and succeeded Roscoe Conkling at the head of the Committee on Commerce, and was also a member of the Committee on the Judiciary. In 1890 he was appointed by the Presbyterian General Assembly one of two representatives of the West on the Committee of Revision of the Confession of Faith.

McPherson, John Roderic, capitalist, born in York, Livingston County, N. Y., May 9, 1833; died in Jersey City, N. J., Oct. 8, 1897. He engaged in farming and stock raising when eighteen years old, and settled in Jersey City in 1858. There he entered the live-stock trade on an extensive scale; invented new devices and methods for the treatment of animal matter; and designed and put into operation a great abattoir system. He was a member of the Board of Aldermen of Jersey City in 1864–70, and its president for three years; established a gaslight company and became its president; was president of several savings banks and a Western stockyard company; and owned a paper mill near the Delaware Water Gap. In 1871 he was elected to the New Jersey Senate, and in 1877, 1883, and 1889 was elected to the United States Senate. During his last term in the United States Senate he was chairman of the Committees on Naval Affairs and the Potomac River Front, and a member of the Committees on Finance, Immigration, Coast Defenses, and Woman Suffrage (select). In 1884, 1888, and 1892 he was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention. After the death of Daniel Manning, Secretary of the Treasury, President Cleveland urged Senator McPherson to accept the office; but local party reasons led him to decline it.

Mallory, George Scovil, clergyman, born in Watertown, Conn., June 5, 1838; died in New York city, March 2, 1897. He was graduated at Trinity College in 1858, and at Berkeley Divinity School in 1862; was ordained deacon in the Protestant Epis

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copal Church, June 4, 1862; and was Professor of Ancient Languages at Trinity College in 1862-'64, and Brownell Professor of English in 1864-72. In 1872 he was elected a trustee and became treasurer of Trinity College; in 1874 received the degree of S. T. D. from Hobart College; and in 1891 that of LL. D. from the University of the South. In 1866 Dr. Mallory became part owner of "The Churchman," a weekly religious journal in New York city, of which he was editor until his death. With his brother he built the Madison Square Theater, 1880. Maretzek, Max, operatic manager, born in Brunn, Austria, June 28, 1821; died on Staten Island, N. Y., May 14, 1897. He was graduated at the University of Vienna. When eighteen years old he produced in his native town an original opera on Hamlet," and when twenty-two he had become a successful orchestral conductor. He made a conducting tour of Germany, England, and France; spent some time in Paris arranging ballets for Carlotta Grisi and Lucille Grahn; and in 1844 was appointed assistant to Balfe. director of her Majesty's Theater in London. While in London he conducted the negotiations with Meyerbeer, under which Jenny Lind was first permitted to sing in concerts in London. In 1848 he came to New York city and became musical director at the Astor Place Opera House. The following year he began his career as an impresario. He opened the new Academy of Music with Grisi and Mario, Oct. 2, 1854; produced for the first time "Semiramide," and, for the first time in the United States, "Il Trovatore," in 1855; and introduced Adelina Patti to the public in 1858. He returned to the Academy of Music in 1864, and remained there till the building was burned in 1866, losing in the fire a great deal of valuable scenery, costumes, and the music of 50 operas. He took charge of the rebuilt Academy in 1867; left it for Pike's (now the Grand) Opera House in 1868; returned to the Academy in 1869; brought out Pauline Lucca in 1872; produced "Sleepy Hollow," an original American opera, in 1878; and then practically retired from the operatic field.

Martin, Homer Dodge, artist, born at Albany, N. Y., Oct. 28, 1836; died in St. Paul, Minn., Feb. 12, 1897. He received his early education in the town of his birth, and at a very early age showed a remarkable taste for art and a talent for drawing. He had little opportunity, however, for scholastic training in painting, and probably little taste for it. Excepting a few weeks' study under William Hart, he may be said to have been practically a self-taught painter. Nevertheless, his progress was far more rapid than that of most men with better opportunities for study, and he had the good fortune to have one of his canvases hung at the annual exhibition of the National Academy of Design, in New York, when he was about twenty years of age. Thenceforward his progress as an artist was rapid. In 1862 he took up his abode in New York city, where he had a studio for many years. Six years later he was elected an associate member of the Academy of Design, and in 1875 a full member. The following year, and again in 1880 and 1881, he traveled in England, and from 1882 to 1886 he lived in France, spending much of his time at Villerville and Honfleur. Long before this his individuality was well established, but his visits to Europe were not without their effect upon his art. In the course of his travels and during his residence on the Continent he worked indefatigably, and, as he was a man of a plastic mind, his art became considerably modified, not alone by what he saw of other men's work, but by the study of Nature under different aspects. Nor did his sojourn in France and his wanderings in England result in any detriment of his individuality. Martin was a

man of very broad vision, and his vision only became broader with travel; and it is generally conceded that his work in England and in Normandy was hardly, if at all, inferior to that which he produced in his own country. Indeed, some of his finest canvases-such as "The Thames at Richmond" and the "Landscape on the Seine," to name only two-were painted abroad. He possessed a remarkably vigorous mind, deep artistic feeling, and acute perception; and his artistic career may be said to have been one of almost uninterrupted progress. It has been said of him that his early work was entirely in keeping with the doctrines and theories of what is commonly known as the Hudson river school, and this is true in a sense. Superficially, there was little to distinguish it from that of his fellows; but even when he was most strongly influenced by the traditions of his time and by his surroundings something of his own personality was evident in his least individual productions. The hardness and almost preraphaelite minuteness of his coworkers was not to his taste. Even in his early works it may be seen that he had a broader manner of seeing things than most painters of his time, and that he sought rather to soften down than to accentuate Nature's crudities. It was not long before he broke away from traditions and achieved a style that was entirely his own. That he was somewhat influenced by certain painters of the Barbizon school, as well as by others, is evident; but it is equally certain that no American painter of his time possessed more individuality than he. While his inferior works are, perhaps, somewhat "painty" in quality, his finest productions are technically excellent, possess a rare poetic feeling, a distinction, and a richness and mellowness of color that are to be found in few landscapes by his contemporaries. His work was always refined and large in conception, and he understood the beauty and charm of atmosphere. Strangely enough, it was a long time before his sterling qualities as a painter gained general recognition. Though he had long been known as one of our most distinguished artists by those who understood his work, the public at large was inclined to consider him a somewhat insignificant painter. It was only shortly before his death that he won the reputation that he had long deserved. During the latter years of his life he produced much less work than in his earlier dayspartly because of the general loss of his health, for he suffered for a long time from the cancer that ultimately resulted in his death, and partly because his eyesight failed. Nevertheless, his latest work is quite equal if not somewhat superior to that which he produced in his prime. What place he will hold among his fellow-artists in the estimation of posterity it is impossible to say. Perhaps he can hardly lay claim to a place beside Inness, but certainly he must be ranked among the greatest American landscape painters of his time. He generally loved to interpret Nature in her more somber and pensive aspects; but that he was capable of seeing her in many different moods was made evident when 44 of his canvases were brought together shortly after his death and placed on exhibition at the Century Club, in New York. Martin was hardly less remarkable for his social qualities than for his artistic attributes. He was a man of wide culture, very well read, individual in his opinions and convictions, and gifted with remarkable critical and conversational powers. He was the intimate friend of Mr. Whistler, Albert Moore, and many other of the famous artists as well as literary men. Some of his finest works are in the possession of Messrs. T. B. Clarke, William C. Brownell, G. A. Hearn, G. Thompson, and Montgomery Schuyler.

Of his more famous canvases it will be sufficient to mention here the following: "Landscape on the Seine," presented to the Metropolitan Museum, in New York by a few of his friends; "An Equinoctial Day" (in the possession of Dr. F. N. Otis); “ Brook in the Woods' (Dr. Mosher); "In the Adirondacks" (T. B. Clarke); Morning" (Montgomery Schuyler); "Adirondacks" (Century Club); “Church at Cinqueboef" (W. T. Evans); "Newport Neck" (Lotos Club); “Morning on the Lake”; “Cloudy Day"; "Hemlock Woods"; "The Thames at Richmond": "Idling"; "The Footpath"; "Evening on the Saranac"; "Sand Dunes on Lake Ontario"; and "White Mountains, from Randolph Hill." Mr. Martin was a member of the Society of American Artists, of the Artists' Fund Society, and of the Century Club.

Mason, Alexander Macomb, soldier, born in Washington, D. C., in 1841; died there, March 17, 1897. In early life he was appointed a midshipman in the United States navy, and in 1857-58 served on the "Niagara" while that vessel was assisting in laying the Atlantic cable. When Virginia adopted the ordinance of secession he resigned, and entered the Confederate naval service, distinguishing himself especially in the engagement in Hampton Roads. After the war he rendered military service in Chili, China, and Cuba till 1870, when he went to Egypt, with whose Khedive he soon became a favorite. He was selected to reorganize the Egyptian army and navy, made the first survey of Lake Albert Nyanza, was appointed governor of equatorial Africa by Gen. Gordon, and in 1877 was sent to Massowah to keep the peace between the Soudanese and the Abyssinians. In 1878 he served with Gen. Gordon in Khartoum, and in 1884 was appointed by the Khedive Governor of Massowah and High Commissioner of the Soudan. During his service in Egypt he was director general of public lands. He was also sent on important political missions.

Mason, John Sanford, soldier, born in Steubenville, Ohio, Aug. 21, 1824; died in Washington, D. C., Nov. 29, 1897. He was graduated at the United States Military Academy and commissioned 2d lieutenant in the 3d Artillery in 1847, and was immediately ordered to duty in Mexico, where he served to the close of the war. He was promoted 1st lieutenant, Sept. 7, 1850; captain, 11th Infantry, May 14, 1861; major, 17th Infantry, Oct. 14, 1864; lieutenant colonel, 4th Infantry, Dec. 11, 1873; and colonel, 9th Infantry, April 2, 1883; and was retired Aug. 21, 1888. In the volunteer service he was commissioned colonel of the 4th Ohio Infantry Oct. 3, 1861, was promoted brigadier general Nov. 29, 1862, and was mustered out April 30, 1866. In the civil war he was brevetted major in the regular army, Sept. 17, 1862, for gallantry at Antietam ; lieutenant colonel, Dec. 13 following, for Fredericksburg; colonel, March 13, 1865, for meritorious services during the war; and brigadier general, same date, for services in the field.

Mayer, Alfred Marshall, physicist, born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 13, 1836; died in Maplewood, N. J., July 13, 1897. At an early age he exhibited mechanical ingenuity, and he left college to enter the workshop and draughting room of a mechanical engineer. Here he remained two years. Meanwhile he studied by himself the laws of physics and mechanics that were applied in his daily labors. A laboratory course followed, and for two more years he studied chemistry, chiefly the principles and processes of quantitative analysis. In 1856 he was appointed Professor of Physics and Chemistry in the University of Maryland, and in 1859 accepted a similar chair in Westminster College, Fulton, Mo., but he relinquished this place two years later, owing to the insignificance of the equip

office

ment. In 1863-'64 he studied physics, mathematics, and physiology in the University of Paris, where he came largely under the influence of Regnault, who confirmed his bias in favor of pure science. He returned to the United States in 1865, and soon afterward was called to the chair of Physics and Chemistry in Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, whence in 1867 he passed to Lehigh University, where he remained until 1871, having charge of the department of astronomy, and superintended the erection of the observatory there. Prof. Mayer then accepted the chair of Physics in Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N. J., and he continued in charge of that department until his death. Prior to 1871 his publications were for the most part contributed to the "American Journal of Science," and included studies on "The Estimation of the Weight of very Small Portions of Matter" (1857); "Researches in Electro-Magnetism" (1870); and "Observations on the Magnetic Declination in Connection with the Aurora of October 11" (1870). While in charge of Lehigh Observatory he alone erected the instruments and accomplished the tedious task of adjusting them. At this time he made a series of observations of Jupiter, the publication of which was made in England. In 1869 he had charge of the party sent by the "United States Nautical Almanac to Burlington, Iowa, to observe the solar eclipse of Aug. 7. He took 41 successful photographs. Four of these were taken during the eighty-three seconds of totality. He published in 1871-75, in the "American Journal of Science," a series of brilliant investigations under the title of "Researches in Acoustics." These included experiments showing that the translation of a vibrating body causes it to emit waves differing in length from those produced by the same vibrating body when stationary; a method of detecting the phases of vibration in the air surrounding a sounding body, leading to his invention of the topophone: a mode of measuring the wave lengths and velocities of sound in gases, resulting in the invention of an acoustic pyrometer; the determination of relative intensities of sound; five new methods of sonorous analysis for the decomposition of a compound sound into its elementary tones; the discovery that the fibrils of the antennæ of the male mosquito vibrate sympathetically to notes that have the range of pitch of the sounds given out by the female mosquito; and the determination of the laws of vibration of tuning forks, especially in the direction of the bearing of these laws on the action of the chronoscopes that are used in determining the velocities of projectiles. In 1876-78 he contributed a series of papers to the "Scientific American Supplement," under the title "On the Minute Measurements of Modern Science." His later papers include "The Effect of Magnetization in changing the Dimensions of Iron and Steel Bars" (1873); "Method of investigating the Composite Nature of the Electric Discharge" (1876); "Experiments with Floating Magnets" (1878); "A New Spherometer" (1886): "On the Coefficiency of Expansion and Diathermancy of Ebonite" (1886): "Measures of Absolute Radiation" (1886); " Cubical Expansion of Solids by Vessels or Hydrometers made of the Material of these Solids" (1890); "Physical Properties of Hard

Rubber (1891); "Simultaneous Contrast Color' (1893); "Researches on the Röntgen Rays" (1896); and "Equilibrium of Forces acting in the Flotation of Disks and Rings of Metal, with Determinations of Surface Tension" (1897). He possessed great ingenuity and skill in construction, and a remarkable degree of delicacy and precision as an experimenter. The degree of Ph. D. was conferred on him by Gettysburg College in 1866, and in 1872 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, to whose "Memoirs" he contributed papers. In 1893 he served as one of the associate editors of the "American Journal of Science," and contributed five papers to its pages, but failing eyesight compelled him to relinquish the work. He edited "Sport with Gun and Rod in American Woods and Waters" (New York, 1883), writing the chapters on "The Shotgun" and "The Blowgun." His publications in book form include "Lecture Notes on Physics" (Philadelphia, 1868); "The Earth a Great Magnet" (New Haven, 1872); "Light" (New York, 1877); and "Sound" (1878).

Meade, Richard Worsam, naval officer, born in New York city, Oct. 9, 1837; died in Washington, D. C., May 4, 1897. He was the eldest son of Capt. Richard W. Meade, U. S. N., and a nephew of Gen. George G. Meade. He was appointed a midshipman in the navy Oct. 2. 1850; was promoted passed midshipman, June 20, 1856; master, Jan. 22, 1858; lieutenant, the day following; lieutenant commander, July 16, 1862; commander, Sept. 20, 1868; captain, March 13, 1880; commodore, May 5, 1892; and rear admiral, Sept. 7, 1894; and was retired May 20, 1895. During his active career he was on sea service for eighteen years and three months, and on shore or other duty for nineteen years and one month. From Oct. 29, 1861, till Jan. 3, 1862; Meade was instructor in gunnery on the receiving ship "Ohio" at Boston. In the last half of 1862 he commanded the ironclad "Louisville," and was employed in breaking up guerrilla warfare on the Mississippi river between Memphis and Helena, and in co-operating with the Western armies. During the draft riots in New York city, in July, 1863, he commanded the naval battalion in the lower part of the city, and dispersed several disorderly gatherings. He commanded the steam gunboat "Marblehead," of the South Atlantic blockading squadron from Sept. 12, 1863, to May 3, 1864; was on picket duty on Stono river, S. C.; took part in the battle there, Dec. 25, 1863; and successfully resisted the attempts of the Confederates to sink his vessel, drive the National transports out of the inlet, and turn Gen. Gillmore's left flank. In the last movement the "Marblehead" was struck thirty times in the hull. Subsequently he landed, captured two 8-inch guns, and destroyed the enemy's batteries. For these actions he was officially thanked by Admiral Dahlgren and recommended for promotion. From May 3, 1864, till July 7, 1865, he served in the Western Gulf blockading squadron, and captured or destroyed seven blockade runners. In 1869-70 he inspected all the principal gun foundries in the country; in the summer of 1870 commanded the schooner yacht 'America," and defeated the English yacht "Cambria" in a race in New York harbor: and in 1872 negotiated a commercial treaty in the Samoan Islands, for which he was commended by the Secretary of the Navy. Between March 21, 1871, and April 1, 1873, he passed 431 days under way and actively cruising with the "Narragansett," sailing under canvas about 60,000 miles, visiting nearly every quarter of the Pacific Ocean, surveying harbors and islands, collecting unpaid indemnities, and negotiating treaties. In 1893 he was appointed naval commissioner to the World's Columbian Ex

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