testimony of accomplices. The State maintained it had presented enough corroborating testimony to warrant a conviction, put in the opinion of the Supreme Court not a single feature of the corroborating testimony comes within the requirement of the statute. The new trial was granted Nov. 8. On Nov. 14 Holy Track, Ireland, and Coudot were taken from the county jail at Williamsport and hanged by a mob of 25 or 30 men. The other accused men were in jail in Burleigh County. The death of Holy Track and Ireland left the State without evidence against them, and they were discharged and taken to the reservation under a guard of Indians.

Legislative Session.-The fifth legislative session began Jan. 5 and ended March 6. E. A. Williams was Speaker of the House and C. B. Little president pro tem. of the Senate.

Senator Hansbrough's term in the United States Senate expired, and he was nominated for re-election by the Republican caucus by a vote of 49 against 15 for O. W. Francis, and was elected by a vote of 24 in the Senate and 43 in the House. William A. Bentley, the candidate of the Democrats and Populists, received 7 votes in the Senate and 17 in the House.

The total number of bills passed was 161, of which 152 became laws. The Governor vetoed 19, and 10 of these were passed over the veto, being appropriation bills that were passed on the last day of the session, as follow: Agricultural college, $22,000; agricultural college, $10,000; normal school, Valley City, $20,455; normal school, Mayville, $20,900; deaf school, $19,250; insane hospital, $109,750; university deficit, $8,500; university, $50,720; Penitentiary, $48.350; Soldiers' Home, $12,200. The reasons given for the veto were the lack of time to consider the amounts and the fact that the aggregate was largely in excess of the probable revenue that would be applicable to the purpose. As the caucus conference committee was unable to agree on a plan to reduce the appropriation and the Governor would not withdraw the vetoes, the bills were again passed.

A bounty on the destruction of wolves was provided for; a levy of one tenth of a mill is to be made for the purpose.

A new revenue law was enacted making many changes in the manner of levying and collecting taxes and correcting the conflicting and ambiguous provisions of the former law. A retroactive tax law provides for taxation of all property on lands not owned by the owners of the buildings which has escaped taxation since 1889. This is designed to tax property located on the railroad right of way.

An act to facilitate the collection of delinquent taxes for 1895 and preceding years is estimated to involve about $670,270 in the counties and $350,000 to $500,000 from railroad companies.

It was provided that grain commission men or dealers must file a bond in the sum of $10,000 with the Secretary of State to guarantee their payment of sums due to farmers who ship grain.

A law was made to compel insurance companies to pay taxes of 5 per cent. on gross premiums for 1897 and 24 per cent. after that year. The law taxing insurance was omitted from the revised codes of 1895, and this bill provides for the 1896 tax now unpaid.

The law limiting loans by State banks to three times the amount of capital was repealed.

The election laws were so amended that hereafter a candidate's name can not go on the official ballot more than once. If nominated by more than one party, he must choose the one on whose ticket he wishes to appear. The new law also provides for a

The Edwards precinct law was repealed. A new bill provides for a residence of ninety days in a precinct as a qualification.

It was provided that any district veterinarian may inspect any cattle, horses, or sheep that may be brought into his district from another State and unloaded to graze and run at large, and charge a fee of 5 cents for each sheep, 15 cents for each head of cattle, and $1 for each head of horses.

A new railroad law was enacted under which the Commissioners of Railroads are required, within sixty days of the time the law takes effect, to fix maximum rates for the common carriers of the State. The law also makes provisions for various other matters in the regulations of common carriers. A tax commission was appointed to adjust the delinquent taxes of the Northern Pacific. The following concurrent resolution passed both houses: "It being evident that railroad property within the State is returning good revenue on capitalization, ranging from $24,000 to $60,000 per mile, while paying taxes on mere nominal valuation, and the necessity for revenue for State institutions being apparent, the State Board of Equalization is hereby directed to assess all railroad property at a just and fair valuation, which in no case in future shall be less than $5,000 per mile."

A bill to forbid the use of convict labor for manufacturing or other purposes was amended so as to permit the sale of convict farm products and brick, and was passed in that form. One proposing to employ convicts in mining coal for State institutions was defeated. The educators of the State in conference prepared a bill, which was passed, making changes in the school laws, which are not radical, but tend to simplify the work of the State Department of Instruction.

The laws in regard to the appointment of Penitentiary and reform school boards were amended. A memorial to Congress was adopted, asking the reduction of the price of school lands to $5 an acre.

Concurrent resolutions were carried expressing sympathy with the Cubans, and requesting the Superintendent of Instruction to take measures to secure appropriate celebration of Lincoln's Birthday in the schools.

The constitutional amendment proposed by the session of 1895, giving the Legislature power to impose penalties for failure to vote at general elections, was also passed at this session and now goes to the people.

The salaries of the Railroad Commissioners were reduced to $1,200, and it was provided that they should have $200 a year for expenses.

A committee that was appointed to examine the workings of the prohibitory law submitted the testimony taken, reporting that the law was fairly well enforced in several localities where public sentiment was in favor of doing away with the liquor traffic; but that in other places there were open violations of the law; that officers were elected with the understanding that they would not enforce it; that licenses were issued under city ordinances to sell "soft drinks" or run "shooting galleries," which were in effect licenses to sell intoxicating liquors.

A bill returned without approval was one changing the penalty clause in the prohibitory law so as to make it read "fine or imprisonment" instead of "fine and imprisonment." This bill caused much excitement through the State, and it was alleged that $20,000 had been spent by the liquor interest to carry it through. It was defeated the day before

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES OF CANADA.

the final adjournment, but was brought up again the last day and “railroaded" through both houses under suspension of the rules. It was vetoed.

A bill to resubmit the prohibition clause of the Constitution to popular vote was defeated. Among other enactments were: Refunding the bonded indebtedness of the State, and funding other indebtedness.

Requiring meetings of stockholders of domestic corporations to be held within the State.

Providing for forfeiture of corporate franchises on failure to comply with the laws as to meetings and employment of agents.

Providing for a Trans-Mississippi Fair Commis

Allowing discretion as to the foreclosure of contracts for the sale of school lands so as to give relief to purchasers who have been unable to keep up their payments.

Offering bounties for the arrest and conviction of stock thieves.

Providing for a school of forestry at Bottineau. For the organization of children's home societies. To prevent the adulteration of candy. Permitting bicycles to be taken as luggage. Regulating the practice of osteopathy. Providing for an issue of bonds to raise funds for building for the Industrial School, at Ellendale, and the Reform School, at Mandan.

Making Lincoln's Birthday a legal holiday. Providing for the appropriation by counties of a sum for the purchase of game birds to stock the woods and fields of the State.

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES OF CANADA. Constitutional Changes.-The year 1897 was all important for these vast geographical portions of the Dominion. They were given the self-governing status of a province, and they shared generally in the results of the gold discoveries in the Klondike-a region forming part of their extreme northwestern borderland.

The step by which effect has been given to an act passed by the Dominion Parliament in June for the better government of the Northwest Territories is an interesting illustration of the growth of constitutional powers under the liberal institutions of the British Empire. The Territories do not as yet pay their own expenses, and therefore do not enter into the full dignity of rights equal to those of the other provinces of the Dominion; but they will for the future enjoy the privileges of responsible self-government, subject to certain limitations, and take something like provincial rank. The effect of the act, as defined by the Minister of the Interior, is to "give to the people of the Territories a government which shall not have the full powers of a provincial government, but in so far as they have power to deal with subjects they shall do so in the same way as the other provinces. They will have ministers who are responsible to the Legislature, and the rules and precedents that apply to the provincial governments will apply to the Government of the Territories."

Government.-The Government sworn in at Regina during the summer was practically the same as the old Executive Council. Mr. Mackintosh remained Lieutenant Governor, and Hon. F. W. G. Haultain became Premier and AttorneyGeneral, Hon. J. H. Ross Provincial Secretary and Commissioner of Public Works. Hon. H. Mitchell, Hon. C. A. Magrath, and Hon. H. G. V. Bulyea were the other ministers, without portfolio. The

NOVA SCOTIA, PROVINCE OF. 575

third session of the third Legislature was opened Oct. 28.

Gov. Mackintosh, in his speech from the throne, congratulated them upon the many evidences of prosperity to be seen all over the Territories as a result of a bountiful harvest and the sound condition and good prospects of all the important industries. The wonderful discoveries of mineral wealth in hitherto unexplored parts of the Territories, and the almost absolute certainty of establishing ready means of access to the new gold fields from the settled portions of the country, promised, he thought, most beneficial results in the way of opening up new markets for staple products; while the building of the Crow's Nest Railway would enable stock raisers and agriculturists to avail themselves of the constant and increasing demand for food supplies of all kinds from the rich mining regions of the neighboring province of British Columbia. Continuing, he said:

"Since the last meeting of the Legislature important changes in the Constitution of the Territories have been made by the act passed at the last session of the Federal Parliament. In accordance with the provisions of that act I have chosen an Executive Council, and can now congratulate the Territories upon having obtained a completely responsible system of government. In consequence of this change, a reorganization of the offices of the Government and the creation of public departments for the carrying on of the public service will be found necessary, and measures having those ends in view will be submitted for your consideration."

A deputation composed of the Premier went to Ottawa later to ask for a larger subsidy, and to urge that the rich Yukon districts be left under Territorial control and not transferred to Manitoba, as had been suggested.

NOVA SCOTIA, PROVINCE OF. The Legislature convened on Jan. 21, 1897. Lieut.-Gov. M. B. Daly, in his speech from the throne, said:

"An abundant harvest has rewarded the labor of the farmers in all departments, though in horticulture the prices, owing to the large production throughout the world, have been low. The fisheries likewise have been generally successful, and the catch has been large, though in this important industry prices have not been so remunerative as could have been desired.

The mining industry gives tokens of continued improvement. I have much pleasure in announcing to you that the output of coal for 1896 was the largest in the history of the province, and the increase has been confined very largely to the coal mines of Cape Breton. The prospects for the present year are also most encouraging. The gold-mining operations for the year show an increase over the preceding year, and the industry generally seems to give promise of more permanent progress by reason of the introduction of scientific methods and the systematic working of low-grade ores.

During the recess the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the highest court of appeal in the empire, has given judgment in a case involv ing the rights and privileges of the Legislature of this province, and incidentally involving the rights and privileges of all provincial legislatures throughout the Dominion, and the judgment sustains in the fullest degree the rights and powers of provincial legislatures to maintain order and uphold their dignity.

"My Government, very soon after the last meeting of the Legislature, appointed a commission to make a thorough investigation into the working of the Victoria General Hospital, which commission devoted considerable time and attention to making exhaustive inquiries into all branches of the

administration of that important institution. Their report will be laid before you.

66

The Coast Railway Company, with whom a contract had been made for a narrow-gauge railway, have applied during the year for an alteration in the terms of the contract whereby they could construct a standard-gauge railway and obtain the usual subvention of $3,200 per mile. A new contract has accordingly been entered into on that basis, which will be submitted to you. Considerable progress has been made in the construction of this road during the past year. The other railway companies which were either under contract or proposing to construct lines of railway in different parts of the province have made no substantial progress in the work of construction.

"The difficulty in disposing of the excessive fruit crop during the past season has called special attention to the question of cold storage, which is becoming an important element in the agricultural and fishing industries of the country, is being largely adopted in other countries, and is receiving encouragement from the Federal Government. I invite your attention to the subject, with a view of securing to this province the advantages of a system so vitally important to its various industries.

The subject of land titles has been engaging the attention of the governments of various countries for some years past. The desirability of having land held by the most certain tenure and upon easy terms of transfer has been recognized as a matter of the greatest importance. A measure has been prepared looking to the introduction of the system of the registration of land titles.

"The subject of the probate court, which engaged your attention at the last session of the Legislature, will be again submitted to you in the form of a measure looking to changes and reforms in the administration of estates.

"Among other measures to be submitted will be amendments in relation to the mining laws; a change in the act relating to succession duties, whereby reciprocity is to be obtained with the Imperial Government in respect to property of Nova Scotians situate in Great Britain, and of property of the inhabitants of the United Kingdom situate in Nova Scotia; and a measure touching the road and bridge service."

During the session, on March 1, a joint address of the Legislative Council and House of Assembly of Nova Scotia to the Queen was passed amid much

enthusiasm.

The Legislature adjourned on March 1 after passing many measures, of which the following were the most important:

To amend the judicature act.

To amend the town's incorporation act, 1895. To authorize the granting of aid toward providing cold storage for agricultural and other products. To amend the liquor-license act of 1895. To incorporate the Cape Breton Oil Company, limited.

To incorporate the Dominion Granite Company, limited.

Respecting the Golden Group Mining Company, limited.

To provide for licensing boarding houses for infants under twelve years of age.

To amend an act to incorporate the North Sydney Mining and Transportation Company, limited. To incorporate the Cow Bay Gold Mining Company, limited.

The elections were held on April 20, and the government of Hon. G. H. Murray was sustained by an immense majority. The Conservatives, under J. F. Stairs, were almost annihilated politically only four being returned to the provincial Legislature. The main issue presented by the Opposition was the charge of extravagance, piling up of debt, and annual deficits. This was largely denied, and was certainly not accepted by the electorate. Finances.-The assets of the province as announced on Sept. 30, 1896, were as follow: Counties road service, $101,329.81; county of Halifax, education, $13,127.73; Dominion of Canada provincial debt account, $1,056,179.21; education, county loan, $18.777; Hospital for Insane-due by municipalities, $18,721.37; due by private patients, $6,385.73; due counties, old accounts, $32,622.06; department of mines, royalty, etc., $86,827.39; balance of sinking fund in National Provincial Bank of England, $85.70; total, $1,334,056.

The liabilities were as follow:

The province is also liable on a guarantee of interest on £50,000 sterling debentures of the Windsor and Annapolis Railway.

The provincial treasurer's statement of the expenditure of the province chargeable to revenue for the year ending Sept. 30, 1896, was as follows:

Respecting the magistracy.

To incorporate the Cape Breton Iron Company, limited.

To incorporate the Equitable Savings' Loan and Building Association.

To amend the law respecting mines and minerals. To amend chap. viii of the acts of 1896 entitled "An Act to prevent the spread of diseases affecting fruit trees."

To incorporate the Touquoy Gold Mining Company, limited.

To incorporate the Maritime Young Men's Christian Association.

To amend the game act of 1896. To incorporate the Oriental Gold Mining and Development Company, limited.

To revive and amend chap. exlii of the acts of 1889 entitled An Act to incorporate the Nova Scotia Mining and Prospecting Company, limited."

mutation road tax, Guysboro, $250; Miner's Relief Society, $2,896.19; salaries, $22,152.91; electoral lists, $102.05; estreats, $275; private bills, $150; game licenses, $880. Works departments, $17,011.48; Crown lands, $1,816.46; public charities, $128.721.79; legislative library, $1,965.70; miscellaneous, $22.401.08; legislative expenses, $46.466.88; importation of horses, $5,159.72; sinking fund. $4,866.66; agriculture, $20,911.07; school of agriculture, $987.15; succession duties, $30; interest, $15,687.76; packets and ferries, $35,851.30; debenture interest, $124,434.24; criminal prosecutions, $6,548.08; Crown lands, $7.520.34; medical college, $800; public printing, $8,777.67; mines, $16,813.85; provincial engineer's office, $11,234.40; education, $243,308.64; road grant, $91,232.16; total, $853,

893.83.

The following was the revenue for the same period: Fees, mines, $426; mines, $276,602.90; Windsor and Annapolis Railway, $12,401.09; commutation

road tax, Guysboro, $250; subsidy, $432,810.08; fees. $881.19 gazette office, $1,898.45; estreats, $2.606.06; private bills, $1,210; marriage licenses, $5.387.94; game licenses, $700.68; miscellaneous, $18.488.23: importation of horses, $3,303.36; succession duties, $18,253.04; agriculture, $653.41; Victoria General Hospital, $5,685.36; interest, $353.35; Crown lands, $16,932.70; provincial engineer's office, $23.02; education, $963.72; Hospital for Insane, $44,298.55; sinking fund, $30.66; balance, $12,734.04; total, $853,893.83.

Education. The number of schools increased from 2,305 to 2,312; the pupils enrolled from 100,555 to 101,032; the number of trained teachers from 616 to 690; and the total day's attendance made by pupils from 10,773,255 to 11,061,572.

The amount of money raised by sectional assessment was less than that of the previous year by a comparatively small amount, a little more than $2,000; but the total provincial grants were greater by more than $3,500, making the total expenditure for public education about $1,500 greater than in 1895. On account of the increased attendance at school, however, the cost of education per pupil was reduced about 3 cents. The total cost this year, including all assessments on the school sections, the county assessment, and all payments from the provincial treasury to teachers and for the general administration was for each pupil enrolled $8.05, or for each pupil "daily present on an average $15.06.

The high-school work as tested by the provincial examination has rapidly accommodated itself to the new standard. Nothing will show this more clearly than the series of results of the examinations from the last year of the teachers' examination. The popularity of the present system is indicated by the rapidly growing number of candidates presenting themselves from year to year.

According to the annual report of the chief superintendent the Normal School, with its additional

OBITUARIES, AMERICAN. Adams, William Taylor (known as OLIVER OPTIC), author, born in Medway, Mass., July 30, 1822; died in Boston. Mass., March 27, 1897. In youth he worked on a farin in summer and attended school in winter, and when eighteen years old he began teaching, subsequently becoming principal of the present Harris Grammar School, in Dorchester. After engaging in the hotel business with his father for a few years, he resumed teaching, and was so employed till 1865, when, at the request of Messrs. Lee & Shepard, the publishers, he resigned to apply himself wholly to story writing. In this he was eminently successful. He visited Europe a dozen times and traveled through nearly every country there, making his last trip in 1896, when he went round the world, stopping in China, Japan, and other Eastern countries. For his domestic stories he traveled through each of the United States and each of the British North American provinces and acquired a noteworthy familiarity with American history. He published his first book. "Hatchie, the Guardian Slave," in 1853, and on his seventyfourth birthday, in 1896, he had written 100 books, besides several hundred stories in periodicals. In the course of his long career he was also editor of "Oliver Optic's Magazine." "The Student and Schoolmate." and "Our Little Ones," and from 1893 he was an editor of "The Whole Family." Many of his works were issued in series, and among these VOL. XXXVII.-37 A

facilities, re-enforced by the neighboring School of Agriculture," is giving a better training to the teachers graduating. Attendance for the minimum time prescribed is not sufficient to win a diploma from the institution."

The Coal Trade.-The coal-trade returns for the twelve months ended Sept. 30, 1896, were as follow: Sold in Nova Scotia, 666,403 tons; New Brunswick, 252,293 tons; Prince Edward's Island, 94,236 tons; Newfoundland, 63,000 tons; Quebec. 795,060 tons; West Indies, 1,222 tons; United States, 174,919 tons. The total production was 2,235,472 tons, compared with 2,089,245 tons in 1895.

Gold. For the year ending Sept. 30, 1896, the production was, in ounces, as follows: Wine Harbor, 501; Gold river, 432; Fifteen-Mile Stream, 3,151; Renfrew, 389; Stormont, 5,076; Brookfield, 4,683; Caribou and Moose river, 2,864; Uniacke, 3,732; Sherbrooke, etc., 2,796; Waverley, 534; Central Rawdon, 531; Cow Bay, 240; Tangier, 85; localities unproclaimed and other districts, 577; total, 25,596.

Railroads. The aggregate traffic for the twelve months ending Sept. 30, 1896, was as follows: Dominion Atlantic Company, 269,653 10 passengers, 219,112-03 tons of freight; Cumberland Coal and Railway Company, 8,447-29 passengers, 63,201-72 tons of freight; Sydney and Louisburg Railway, 20,882-33 passengers, 217,160.50 tons of freight; Nova Scotia Central Railway, 24,120-20 passengers, 22,063-04 tons of freight; Canada Coals and Railway Company, 2,964 40 passengers, 21,403-92 tons of freight; total, 326,067.32 passengers and 542,941-21 tons of freight.

Agriculture. The number of agricultural societies in the province that have qualified for participation in the Government grant for 1896 and are now in active operation is 85. The number of members is 4,888. The subscription paid by members amount to $5,675.30. The Government grant is $8,000.

were

"The Boat-Club Series" (6 vols.); "The Riverdale Stories" (12 vols.); "The Woodville Stories" (6 vols.); "Young America Abroad" (2 series of 6 vols. each); "The Starry Flag Series" (6 vols.); "The Lake-Shore Series" (6 vols.); "The Onward and Upward Series" (6 vols.); "The Yacht-Club Series" (6 vols.); "The Great Western Series" (6 vols.); "The Boat-Builder Series" (6 vols.); and "The All-over-the-World Series" (8 vols.).

Allen, Frederick De Forest, philologist, born in Oberlin, Ohio, in 1844; died in Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 4, 1897. He was educated at Oberlin College and the University of Leipsic; was a professor in the University of Tennessee in 1866-'68 and 1870'73; became a tutor at Harvard in 1873; held a chair in the University of Cincinnati in 1874-'79; and then spent a year as professor at Yale. In 1880 he accepted the chair of Classical Philology at Harvard, which he held till his death. His publications include an edition of the "Medea of Euripides (1876); "Remnants of Early Latin" (1880); a revision of "Hadley's Greek Grammar" (1884); "Greek Versification in Inscriptions (1888); and a large number of volumes of the ancient classics which he edited.

Allen, Harrison, anatomist, born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 1841; died there, Nov. 14, 1897. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1861, became an assistant surgeon

in the regular army in 1862, and resigned with the brevet rank of major in 1865. He was called to the chair of Comparative Anatomy and Medical Zoology at the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania, which he held till 1878. when he was transferred to the chair of Physiology. He remained in the last chair till May, 1895, and was then retired as professor emeritus. In 1878 he also became Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the Philadelphia Dental College, and for several years after 1870 he was surgeon to the Philadelphia Hospital. He was President of the American Laryngological Association in 1886, and President of the American Anatomical Society in 1891-'93. He was the author of numerous monographs and books, including "Outlines of Comparative Anatomy and Medical Zoology (1867); "Studies in the Facial Region" (1874); "An Analysis of the Life Form in Art" (1875); and "System of Human Anatomy” (1880). Alvord, Thomas Gold, lawyer, born in Onondaga, Onondaga County, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1810; died in Syracuse, N. Y., Oct. 26, 1897. He was graduated at Yale in 1828, admitted to the bar in 1832, and practiced till 1846. In 1844 he entered active political life as a Democrat and was elected to the State Assembly, where he served through fourteen terms, the last one being that of 1882. In 1861 he became a Republican; in 1858, 1864, and 1879 he was Speaker of the House; in 1864 he was elected Lieutenant Governor of the State; in 1867-'68 he was a member of the Constitutional Convention; in 1878 he was chairman of the Apportionment Committee of the House; and in 1894 he was vicepresident of the Constitutional Convention. For many years he was engaged in the manufacture of salt. He was considered a high authority on parliamentary law.

Atkinson, John, clergyman, born in Deerfield, Salem County, N. J., Sept. 6, 1835; died in Haverstraw, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1897. He entered the old New Jersey Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1853, and in 1858 was assigned to the newly created Newark Conference. Subsequently he was attached to the Rock Island Conference of Illinois, the Detroit Conference of Michigan, and again to the Newark Conference of New Jersey. He held pastorates in Newark, Jersey City, Chicago, Bay City, Adrian, and lastly in Haverstraw. He was a frequent contributor to the denominational press; was the author of the hymn "Shall we meet beyond the River"; and among other works had published "The Living Way" (1856); “Memorials of Methodism in New Jersey" (1860); "The Garden of Sorrows (1868);The Class Leader" (1874); "Centennial History of American Methodism" (1884); and shortly before his death a work on the "Wesleyan Movement in America."

Babcock, James Francis, chemist, born in Boston, Mass., Feb. 23, 1844; died in Dorchester, Mass., July 20, 1897. He was graduated at the Lawrence Scientific School, where he applied himself wholly to chemistry, in 1862, and established himself in Boston as an analytical chemist and chemical expert. In 1869 he was elected Professor of Chemistry in the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, where he remained till 1874, when he was called to the similar chair in the Boston University. In the following year he was appointed State assayer and inspector of liquors. He held this office till 1885, when he became city inspector of milk in Boston, serving as such till 1889. While State assayer he secured the insertion in the liquor statutes of the definition of the term “intoxicating liquor" known as the 3-per-cent. limit, and while inspector of milk he secured the suppression of the use of coloring matter in milk and largely increased the efficiency of the office. He invented

the fire extinguisher bearing his name, was widely known as a lecturer on scientific subjects, published numerous reports on sanitation and the chemistry of food, and was an expert chemical witness in important trials.

Bacon, John Edmund, jurist, born in Edgefield, S. C., March 3, 1832; died in Columbia, S. C., Feb. 19, 1897. He was graduated at South Carolina College in 1851, studied law at the Litchfield (Conn.) Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854. He also became an accomplished linguist early in life. In 1858 he was appointed secretary of the United States legation at St. Petersburg, and for a time was acting as chargé d'affaires. While at this post he married the daughter of ex-Gov. Pickens, then United States minister to Russia. On the election of Abraham Lincoln to the presidency he resigned his office, returned to South Carolina, and entered the Confederate army, serving till the close of the war and rising from the ranks to the grade of major. In 1866 he was selected to accompany Gov. James L. Orr to Washington to negotiate for the restoration of South Carolina to the Union; was elected district judge of Edgefield in 1867, and officiated till removed by the Federal military commander; and in 1872 removed to Columbia and was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress. The reopening of South Carolina College by act of the Legislature in 1873 was due in the largest measure to his efforts. In 1884 he was a Democratic presidential elector, and in 1886 was appointed United States chargé d'affaires in Uruguay and Paraguay.

Baker, William Spohn, author, born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 17, 1824; died there, Sept. 8, 1897. He acquired a private-school education and studied conveyancing, which he practiced till 1880, afterward applying himself wholly to special historical research and writing. He was one of the most enthusiastic and thorough students of Washingtoniana, and made the largest and finest collection of biographies, sketches, portraits, medals, and private papers of Washington in existence. Among his special publications are Engraved Portraits of Washington,' Medallic Portraits of Washington," "Character Portraits of Washington," "Washington's Itinerary," and Washington after the Revolution." At the time of his death he had in press "Washington in Philadelphia." His other publications included "American Engravers and their Works," "William Sharp, Engraver, and his Works," and "The Antiquity of Engraving and the Utility and Pleasures of Prints."

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Bateman, Newton, educator, born in Fairfield, N. J., July 27, 1822; died in Galesburg, Ill., Oct. 21, 1897. He accompanied his father's family to Illinois in 1833; spent his early youth at hard manual labor; worked his way through Illinois College, being graduated in 1843; studied for the ministry at Lane Theological Seminary; and became a trayeling agent for an historical chart. After nearly two years spent in traveling in the United States he began his noteworthy career as an educator as principal of a private school in St. Louis. From 1847 till 1851 he was Professor of Mathematics in St. Charles College, and in the last year was placed in charge of the public free school in Jacksonville, having also to discharge the duties of principal of the high school, superintendent of the city schools, and school commissioner of the county. In 1858 he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction. During 1863-'64 the State was in Democratic hands, and then failing of re-election he was employed in the office of the provost marshal general of Illinois. His tenure of the office of superintendent was marked by a series of official reports of high value, in which the various phases of public