with a still larger number of inferior workers of every kind, all whose movements and labors, alike upon the land and upon the sea, have been directed by the rare executive ability, and the extraordinary scientific genius of the superintendent alone. Nowhere else, perhaps, in the world, during the past twenty years, have such diversified scientific processes and inquiries been going on under the guidance of a single mind, over so wide an extent, and on so grand a scale, as in the service of the United States Coast Survey. The result constitutes one of the most magnificent triumphs of practical science which the age has witnessed. The entire work, in all its vastness, and with all its difficulties, has been so far accomplished that its end is at hand, and its influence is already widely felt upon the interests of mankind. From the St. Lawrence to the Rio Grande, the whole Atlantic line has been thoroughly explored, and about four-fifths of it have been reduced to charts for the purposes of navigation; while along nearly its whole extent, stations for every kind of scientific observation have been established, at which laws of the utmost importance have been ascertained, relating alike to the atmosphere and to the ocean, and to the great agencies of Nature that control them. The work has reached a corresponding stage of progress on the Pacific coast, and on the shores of either ocean it has accumulated a knowledge of headlands and harbors, of reefs and shoals, of channels and tides, of magnetic and atmospheric influences and phenomena, which has already brought incalculable advantages to the navigation, and made rich accessions to the science of the world. All this vast labor and its splendid results have given a celebrity to the public offieer who achieved them, second to that of no other man of science in the country, and they entitle him to rank among the foremost of the age. But the scientific labors of Professor Bache were by no means confined to the branch of public service with which he was identified. He was one of the few men among us who create as well as diffuse knowledge. He employed his mind, directly or indirectly, on most of the great scientific problems which are now engaging the attention of the observers of Natare. He was one of the founders of the American Association for the Promotion of Science, and was a leading contributor to its discussions and published proceedings. He, also, took a prominent part in the establishment of the American Academy of Science, which early in the war was established at Washington, in some sense under the auspices of the Government. In addition to his numerous scientific papers in the volumes of the American Association, and in various magazines, his annual reports of the progress of the Coast Survey have been of great importance, and have been eagerly sought, not only for the benefit of navigation, but also among men of science for their valuable contributions to the sum of human knowledge. When the U. S. Sanitary Com

mission was organized in June, 1861, he was one of its active and efficient members, and gave it the benefit of his thorough knowledge, his untiring energy, and his vast practical ability throughout the war, until his health failed too completely to enable him to be present and aid in its councils. He was throughout his whole career a zealous friend of education, and his labors in behalf of all institutions intended for the advancement of learning, and especially of higher scientific training, have been abundant and valuable. The Dudley Observatory, the Smithsonian Institute, the Cambridge Scientific School, the Sheffield Scientific School at New Haven, and the Mining and Engineering Schools of New York and Philadelphia, received great encouragement and aid from him. His health for several years had been seriously impaired by his excessive labors, and in the summer of 1865 unequivocal symptoms of softening of the brain began to make their appearance. The intellect, hitherto so luminous, comprehensive, and profound, became gradually enveloped in clouds, and after nearly eighteen months of weakness, a part of the time accompanied with much apparent suffering, he passed away. It may be safely said that no man of his own, or any previous generation, has done more for the honor of American science, or has rendered that science so tributary to the interests of the country.

BADEN, a grand-duchy in South Germany. Grand-duke, Friedrich, born September 9, 1826; succeeded his father Leopold, as regent, on April 24, 1852; assumed the title of grand-duke on September 5, 1856. Area, 5,712 square miles; population in 1864, 1,429,199 inhabitants (of whom 933,476 were Catholics; 472,258 members of the United Evangelical Church; 25,263 Jews). The capital, Carlsruhe, had, in 1864, 30,367 inhabitants. In the budget for the two years, 1866 and 1867, the aggregate receipts are estimated at 24,420,070 florins; and the ordinary expenditures at 22,281,432 florins; the extraordinary expenditures at 3,497,613 florins. The public debt, according to a report of the committee of the Dict, amonnted, in May, 1867, to 32,958,136 florins. The army, on the peace footing, is 7,908; and on the war footing, 18,402 men. The Government and the Diet agreed in desiring the closest possible connection of the country with Northern Germany, and the speedy admission into the North German Confederation. The Grandduke, on opening the Diet, on September 5th, said that if the form of the national union of South Germany to the North German Confederation had not yet been discovered, still great progress had been achieved toward that end. The measures which had been adopted with that object in view were the military treaties for the general defence concluded with Prussia, the adoption of the military system of the Northern States by the Stuttgardt conference of delegates from the Southern States, and the subsequent understanding on the military ques

tion agreed upon by the South German sovereigns. The speech from the throne further represents the customs parliament as the normal representative assembly of the whole of Germany. The Diet approved the treaties with Prussia and the bill for the election to the Zollverein (customs) parliament almost without a dissenting vote. (See GERMANY.)

BAILEY, JOSEPH, Brigadier-General of Volunteers in the late war, and, at the time of his death, sheriff of Vernon County, Mo., was murdered near Nevada, Vernon County, by two brothers, Lewis and Perry Pixley, bushwhackers, whom he was attempting to arrest, March 21, 1867. General Bailey achieved a high reputation in the Red River expedition, in May, 1864, by his daring and skilful feat of engineering by which he brought the iron-clad gunboats of the Mississippi squadron in safety over the dangerous falls and rapids of the Red River, above Alexandria. He joined the army in Wisconsin, where he had previously been a lumberman, and his energy, skill, and tact having demonstrated his fitness for the position, he was at this time the acting chief engineer of the Nineteenth army corps, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. In that unfortunate expedition, the gunboats of the Mississippi squadron, Rear Admiral D. D. Porter, commanding, had ascended the Red River at the high-water stage as far as Grand Ecore, and when the defeat of the army necessitated their retreat, and they attempted to descend the river, they found that the water had fallen so much that they could not pass the falls or rapids above Alexandria. As the river was constantly falling, and the army were expecting to be driven from their position unless they continued their retreat very soon, the peril was very great; the loss of the thirteen gunboats and their accompanying tugs would not only cripple the Union strength on the Western waters, but their abandonment would furnish the enemy a fleet so formidable as to endanger the recently-opened navigation of the Mississippi. In this emergency, Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey proposed to construct dams which should raise the water over the rapids sufficiently to permit the gunboats to descend safely. The current was very swift, the river over a mile in width, and the rapids and falls more than a mile in extent. The most skilful engineers in the army said the proposition was absurd, but Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey was calm and confident, and Admiral Porter gave orders for the construction of the dams. The work progressed with wonderful celerity; three thousand men were employed, and in eight days' working-time the dams were so far complete as to permit the passage of three or four of the boats. An accident caused some delay, but in three days more the whole of the gunboats were safely over the falls. For this brilliant achievement, Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers, and received the thanks of Congress. After the close of the war he was mustered out, and

settled in Newton County, Mo., near the Kansas border, where the population was scattered and composed in almost equal proportions of bushwhackers and Union men. Here he displayed the same energy and perseverance which had distinguished him in the army. He was elected in the autumn of 1866 sheriff of the county, and performed the duties of his office with a restless energy and a daring that bordered on rashness. A short time before his death he exchanged shots with a bushwhacker, whose horse he finally captured; and a few days previously he disarmed two men who threatened his life if he attempted it. On the afternoon of March 21st writs were placed in his hands for the arrest of two men, named Lewis and Perry Pixley (bushwhackers), who lived a few miles from Nevada. Several gentlemen offered to accompany him, but he declined assistance and started alone, expecting to be gone about three hours. He reached the place, found the men, and they agreed to go with him if they could borrow saddles for their horses, but refused to give up their arms, stating that they never had been disarmed, and would not be. Not fearing any treachery, the general consented to the arrangement. They went to a neighboring house, borrowed the saddles, and started for town. When last seen they were riding abreast and apparently on the best of terms. Not returning as expected, some of his friends rode down to the place where he was last seen, and then returning, found the dead body of the general lying in a ravine near the road, having been killed by a shot in the back of the neck, the ball ranging downward. His horse, arms, and several hundred dollars in money were missing, and the only trace of the murderers was found at a ford about four miles distant, where a saddlecloth had slipped off the horse of the deceased.

BAILY, EDWARD HODGES, R. A., F. R. S., an English sculptor, born in Bristol, England, March 10, 1788; died in London, May 22, 1867. His father was a ship-carver, and displayed so much taste and ability in his production of the figure-heads of ships as to attract the notice and commendation of Flaxman. The son, at the age of fourteen, was placed in a merchant's office to acquire a knowledge of business, but having become acquainted with an artist in wax, he soon acquired such facility in wax-modelling that he abandoned the countinghouse and commenced taking portraits in that material. A surgeon of Bristol, Mr. Leigh, lent him some of Flaxman's designs, and gave him a commission for two groups modelled after Flaxman's conceptions. These he executed so admirably that the kind-hearted surgeon gave him an introduction at once to Flaxman, whose pupil he immediately became, and in whose studio he remained seven years, receiving with eagerness the instructions of the great artist, who watched over him with more than a father's solicitude. His progress was rapid in 1807 he gained the silver medal of the Society of Arts and Sciences; in 1809 the first silver

medal, and in 1811 the gold medal and a purse of fifty guineas at the Royal Academy. In 1813 he produced his "Eve at the Fountain," a statue of unrivalled grace and beauty, and one which gave him immediately a European reputation. In 1817, at the early age of twenty, he was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, and in 1821 an academician, the only sculptor who attained that honor during Sir T. Lawrence's presidency. Some of his best works of this period were "Hercules casting Lycus into the Sea," "Apollo discharging Arrows," 'Maternal Love," and "Flora." George IV. also employed him to execute a part of the sculptures on the front of Buckingham Palace, the figures on the Marble Arch (now removed to Cumberland Gate), the Triumph of Britannia," and the bassi relievi that surround the throne room. He also produced numerous statues of the great men of the time in English history, some of them of colossal size, and numberless busts in marble.

It was not, however, till his removal of his studio to Newman Street, that his very best statues and groups were produced. Among these are "Eve listening," "The Girl preparing for the Bath," "The Sleeping Nymph" (said to have been idealized from the figure and semblance of one of his daughters, and regarded by many connoisseurs as his finest work), "The Group of the Graces," and "The Fatigued Huntsman returned from the Chase." His latest works are mainly statues. He has left no superior in artistic ability and genius behind him.

BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES. The number of national banks in existence on the 1st of October, 1867, was 1,639; with a combined capital of $424,394,861. The State banks were 262 in number, with a capital of $66,354,033; making the aggregate throughout the country 1,901, and their total capital $490,748,894. The following table shows the number in each State in October, 1867: