their lives; it gave them protection and self-expression; it secured religion, the family, property, class privileges and all the national virtues. Religion a pantheistic nature-worship, unquestioningly accepted; intimately associated with political and everyday life; not set aside in the hands of a sacerdotal class. Roman virtues, the hardy growths of self-control and simple living, industry, frugality, chastity, direct speech; the vices of meanness and cruelty grew on these virtues. The intellectual life, highly esteemed when connected with practical affairs; regarded with suspicion when separated from them. Art, literature and music considered effeminate. Cato the type of the early times. The late republican changes. Expanding territory; contact with and imitation of the East; need of new means of government; large permanent and paid military force; great body of military prisoners who became slaves; concentration of wealth at Rome. Cæsar the ideal. The Empire: Rulers of the known world; new machinery of government needed; religious indifference; old virtues outgrown; imported vices; Roman civilization an eclectic imitation. The barbarians on the frontier; their character; the long struggle. The new Christianity; its sources of strength; its danger to Rome. Education at Rome: Practical, utilitarian; free from church or state control.

Botsford, G. W.

READING.

"History of Greece." Macmillan. $1.10. Mahaffy, J. P. "Social Life in Greece." Macmillan. $2.50.

"Plutarch's Lives." 4 vols. Bohn. $6.00.

Pelham. "Outlines of Roman History." Rivington. $1.50.

Preston and Dodge. "Private Life of the Romans." Leach. $1.25. Livy's "History of Rome." 4 vols. Bohn. $6.00.

TOPICS FOR CLASS WORK.

Causes of Athenian leadership.

Debt of Athenian civilization to slavery.

The women of Athens.

Cato as a type of Roman virtues.

Effects of imperial expansion on Roman character.

What did Rome give to her subject peoples?

LECTURE III.

THE MIDDLE AGES.

Special Study on the Church and the Holy Roman Empire.—Faith vs. Political Organization.

Rise of the Christian church: The immediate teachings of Christ; writings of the disciples; growth of the patristic literature; attitude of the Church Fathers toward learning; toward secular government. Persecutions by the Roman emperors, causes; effects. Early organization of the church; growth of the power of the bishops; centering of power in Rome. Asceticism; its origin, growth of its devotees. St. Jerome; monasticism; St. Benedict's rule; multiplication of centres; influences for good; dangers; Gregory the Great and the Papacy; the Pope and Charlemagne; Gregory VII.; Canossa; the Concordat of Worms. Struggle of East and West; the real strength of Christianity was in spiritual not material possessions. Chivalry; the new worship of woman; a natural reaction; its good and bad effects. Scholasticism; its narrowness; its subject matter; its effect in awakening the rationalistic powers of the mind. The Middle Ages misunderstood; not a period of darkness, but a period of blending, shaping, organizing, adapting man physically and mentally to the task of taking up again the burden of civilization.

The Holy Roman Empire: Reason why the Roman idea continued; pride of early barbarian leaders in Roman titles; vague desire everywhere for the survival of the higher form of civilization, and for the unity of Western Europe. Charlemagne; his character and activities; journeys to Rome; relation to the pope; the crowning in Rome. The feudal system, its relation to centralization; influences looking toward

decentralization; strength of personal leaders; poor roads; wandering and rival tribes. Gradual organization of France, Germany, England; relation of each to the empire. The real strength of the empire determined by the personality of the emperor; struggle of Henry IV. and Gregory VII. Rise of cities; their struggle for liberty. Guelf and Ghibelline. The crusades; their causes and effects; awakening of men's minds; opening of lines of commerce; development of Italian cities; weakening of nobles; strengthening of church.

The New Testament.

READING.

Emerton, E. "Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages." Ginn. $1.12.

Henderson.

$1.50.

"Historical Documents of the Middle Ages." Bohn.

Bryce, James. "The Holy Roman Empire." Macmillan. $1.

"Chronicles of the Crusades." Bohn. $1.50.

Eginhard. "Life of Charles the Great." Harper. $0.30.

TOPICS FOR CLASS WORK.

Elements favoring the rise of Christianity.
Monasticism and intellectual development.
Why the Christians were persecuted.
Pagan survivals in Christianity.
Papal claims vs. Imperial claims.
The real power of the emperors.

LECTURE IV.

AWAKENING OF EUROPE.

Special Study on Italy and Germany.-Arts vs. Theology.

Renaissance in Italy: St. Francis of Assisi and the new religious ardor. Dante, standing at the parting of the ways; his use of the vernacular; care for a united Italy. Petrarch, interest in the antique and admiration for Greek language, use of vernacular. Boccaccio, increased emphasis on Greek, attacks on church, collection of manuscripts. In government, growth of the city tyrannies; the Medici at Florence, means of gaining power; use made of it; increased power of the papacy in temporal matters, Julius II., Leo X. Effects of the tyrannies on the people; on the ruling families. Great discoveries; gunpowder, mariner's compass, printing, paper. Voyages of discovery; Henry the Navigator; the new waterway to India; Columbus and the New World. Industrial life; great commercial activity in Venice, Genoa, Pisa; manufactures, regulated by guilds, developed on artistic lines; labor greatly respected, especially in Florence. Religion; continues struggle of Guelf and Ghibelline; popes patronize the arts; careless and bad lives of great prelates; free thought and religious indifference common. Family life careless. Art develops along lines of classical revival, and direct study of nature. Pisano at Pisa, and his imitation of classic models; Cimabue and his modification of the Byzantine tradition in painting; Giotto and the spirit of St. Francis; Fra Angelico and the beauty of angels; the three masters Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michael Angelo. How the artists were trained; how art was supported, wonderful versatility of the time. Causes for decline

of art impulse.

Reformation in Germany: Why the awakening north of the Alps was theological rather than artistic. Early humanistic movement in the Netherlands; Gerard Groot; Erasmus, his journey to Italy; to England. The abuses in the church; early protests; Wiclif; Huss; Waldenses; the church councils. Ulrich von Hutten; attacks on church; interest in letters; dreams of a united Germany; relations with Luther. Martin Luther; education; character; aims; writings; his work; good and bad effects. Melanchthon. In England, Colet and Moore; in France, the Huguenots. Calvin at Geneva; Knox in Scotland. The Counter-Reformation; the Jansenists; the Jesuits, methods and work. Great activity of the printing press. The educational work in Germany, England, Scotland. General unsettlement of political ideas; Thirty Years' War; Peace of Westphalia.

READING.

Burckhardt. "The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy." Two vols. Macmillan. $4.00.

Symonds, J. A. "The Renaissance in Italy." Seven vols. Holt. $14.00.

Cellini, Benvenuto. Autobiography. Bohn. $1.50.
Fisher. "The Reformation." Scribner. $2.50.
Köstlin. "Life of Luther." Scribner. $2.50.

Reid, Charles. "Cloister and the Hearth." Novel.

TOPICS FOR CLASS WORK.

Causes for artistic activity of renaissance.

Moral reactions of devotion to art.

The education of artists.

The character of Martin Luther.
The work of the Catholic reaction.
The Bible as an educational classic.