in other words, though it be not law, does it constitute a rule as operative as if it was a law? This would be to overthrow in fact what was established in theory; and would seem, at first view, an absurdity too gross to be insisted on."

I. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT (THE CONGRESS)

II. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT (THE PRESIDENT)

III. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT (THE SUPREME COURT

AND THE INFERIOR COURTS).

IV. STATE COMITY AND STATE RIGHTS

V. METHOD OF AMENDMENT

VI.

ASSUMPTION OF PUBLIC DEBT-THE SUPREME LAW
OF THE LAND BINDING STATE JUDICIARY - OATH
PRESCRIBED FOR ALL NATIONAL AND STATE OFFI-
CIALS PROHIBITION OF RELIGIOUS TEST

VII. RATIFICATION AND ESTABLISHMENT

AMENDMENTS

I

8

99

131

156

170

176

185

THE FIRST TWELVE AMENDMENTS PROPOSED

CONGRESS

Articles I-X, Known as The Bill of Rights

-

· PROHIBITION

BY

OF

I. NO ESTABLISHMENT OF RELIGION - FREEDOM IN

EXERCISE OF RELIGION

ABRIDGMENT OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND OF

PRESS, AND OF RIGHT OF PEACEABLE ASSEMBLY

AND PETITION

III. QUARTERING OF TROOPS IN HOMES IN PEACE AND

IN WAR.

IV. RIGHTS OF SECURITY OF PERSON AND PROPERTY

- METHODS OF SEARCHES AND SEIZURES

V. INDICTMENT FOR CRIME - RESTRICTION ON JEOP-

ARDY TO LIFE AND LIMB - ACCUSED NOT TO BE

WITNESS AGAINST HIMSELF DUE PROCESS OF

LAW JUST COMPENSATION FOR PRIVATE PROP-

ERTY

VI. SPEEDY AND PUBLIC TRIAL OF CRIMINAL CAUSES IN

DISTRICT OF CRIME INFORMATION OF CHARGES

RIGHTS TO

--

CONFRONTATION BY WITNESSES

COUNSEL AND WITNESSES

VII. RIGHTS IN SUITS AT COMMON LAW.

VIII. PROHIBITION OF EXCESSIVE BAIL AND FINES, AND

OF CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENTS

IX. RIGHTS RETAINED BY THE PEOPLE

206

207

208

210

216

221

222

225

X. RIGHTS RESERVED TO THE STATES OR TO THE PEOPLE 226

XI. RESTRICTION ON JURISDICTION OF UNITED STATES
COURTS IN SUITS AGAINST A STATE

XII. THE ELECTION OF PRESIDENT

228

228

Articles XIII-XV, Known as the Civil War Amendments

XIII. ABOLISHING SLAVERY

A LIST OF THE LEADING CASES EXPOUNDING THE

CONSTITUTION, WITH NOTES INDICATING THE

AN OUTLINE OF THE GOVERNMENTS IN EFFECT WHILE THE THIR-

TEEN COLONIES WERE ACHIEVING THEIR INDEPENDENCE AND

DEVELOPING INTO A NATIONAL UNION OF STATES, WITH NARRA-

TIVES OF SOME EVENTS WHICH CONTRIBUTED TO SHAPING THE

CONSTITUTION

AN OUTLINE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED

STATES