Extradition (Interstate) (cont.)

159; practice illustrated, 160;
international rule stated, 160;
asylum State cannot demand
return of one forcibly taken, 161.

a

"FEDERALIST, THE", 61; on the mili-
tary forces, 74; and the capita-
tion tax, 87; on the Executive
Department, 98; advocates
single executive, 101; on the
emoluments of the President, 110;
on the treaty-making power, 114;
on the functions of the courts,
130; on the respective powers of
the several Departments, 137–138;
Madison on the ratification of the
Constitution in, 185; the origin
of, 187; its great influence in
moulding opinion favorable to the
Constitution, 187; principal con-
tributors to, 187; its world-wide
popularity, 188; on delegated and
reserved powers under the Con-
stitution, 227.

Federal Land Banks, 49.

66

236; did not destroy or change
State citizenship, 236; struck
white" from State constitutions
and laws, 236; did not confer
suffrage on women, 238. See
also CITIZENS; SLAVERY.
France, neutrality towards, preserved
by vote of Vice-President, 20;
treaty with, abrogated in 1789,
115, 123; efforts to restrain
legislative power in, 180; "The
Federalist" translated in, 188;
American sympathy for, in French
Revolution, 200; Sedition Law
deemed necessary to control, 200;
interference with our neutrality
by Minister from, 200.
Franklin, Benjamin, disturbed by
discord in Convention, 17; opposed

to power of appointment of Presi-
dent, 120.

Freedom of the Press. See PRESS,
FREEDOM OF THE.

Freedom of Religion. See RE-
LIGIOUS FREEDOM.

Freedom of Speech. See SPEECH,
FREEDOM OF.

1914, 52, 133.

Felonies, Congress can define, 69.
Fifteenth Amendment, effect of,
stated by Supreme Court, 250;
"Grandfather's Clause" cases re-
pugnant to, 251. See also SUF-
FRAGE.

Fines, excessive, 222, 223.
Fiske, John, opinion of judicial
system, 131; on achievement of
Constitutional Convention, 190.
Food Control Act of 1917, 218.
Fourteenth Amendment, made clear

the doctrine of dual citizenship,
3, 236; rent law of New York not
inconsistent with, 95; confers
citizenship on all born or naturalized
here, 235; necessary to supple-
ment Thirteenth Amendment,
235; construed by Supreme Court,

TRADITION.

Fugitive Slaves, Acts of 1793 and

1850 for return of, 161; clause
directing return of, and Somerset's
Case, 161; Daniel Webster on,
162; and Northwest Territory,
162. See also SLAVERY.

GIBBON, EDWARD, on extension of
Roman citizenship, 55; on harsh
treatment of debtors by Romans,
60.

God, not mentioned in Constitution,
5; referred to in Declaration of
Independence, Articles of Con-
federation, early State constitu-
tions and Australian Constitution,
5-6.
Government. See REPUBLICAN FORM
OF GOVERNMENT.

HABEAS CORPUS, history of, in Eng-
land and America, 82; to be
suspended only for public safety,
82; Congress has power to sus-
pend, not President, 83; Lincoln
criticised for suspending, 83; may
be suspended on suspicion of
treason in England, 84. See also
BILL OF RIGHTS.
Hague Tribunal, its purpose and
history, 118.

Hallam, Henry, on office-holders in
House of Commons, 33; on cruel
punishments in Europe, 149, 224;
illegality of English trials for
treason, 151; on conviction of
Raleigh, 151; defines liberty of
the press, 198; history of licensing,
199.

parative power of three depart-
ments, 137; on clause protecting
State from partition, 165.

Harding, Warren G., called Vice-
President to Cabinet conferences,
21; on States' evading their duty,
46; appointed two Senators to
Washington Conference, 117.
Hayes, Rutherford B., asked for
repeal of Tenure of Office Act, 16;
controversy over election of, in
1876, 230.

Henry, Patrick, opposition to Con-
stitution based on the Preamble, 1.
House of Representatives, terms, age
and qualifications for membership
of, 8-10; apportionment of mem-
bership, 10-15, 246; has sole power
of impeachment, 15; vacancies
in, filled by special election, 14;
Speaker of, chosen by members,
15; originates bills for raising
revenue, 34; influence upon treaty
requiring appropriation, 115;

members take oath to support
Constitution, 181; participant in
insurrection once ineligible for,

247.

IMPAIRING OBLIGATIONS OF CON-
TRACTS. See CONTRACTS.
Impeachment, House of Representa-
tives has sole power to bring, 15;
few cases of, in our history, 15;
of President Johnson, 16; Senate
has sole power to try, 21; limita-
tion of punishment for, 21, 22;
who are subject to, 129; offences
for which, proceedings may be
brought, 129; Congress on what
is impeachable conduct, 129.
Implied Powers, Act creating Federal
Land Banks upheld, 49; Congress
authorized to make its expressed
and, effectual, 79; clause respect-
ing, most important for progress,
79-81; question of, arose in
Washington's administration, 81;

Hamilton, Alexander, drafted com-
plete plan for Constitution, xi;
on property and other qualifi-
cations for voters in States, 10;
silent but favorable operation of
veto, 40; money essential agency
of government, 44; approved
restrictions on appropriations for
army, 74; with Jefferson settled
controversy over National Capital,
78; favored capitation taxes, 87;
favored a strong executive, 98,
IOI; on stability of President's
salary, 110; states principle of
treaty-making, 114; on duty of
courts to declare prohibited acts
unconstitutional, 130; on com-

Implied Powers (cont.)

Articles of Confederation withheld
powers not "expressly delegated",
80; Jefferson questioned power
to purchase Louisiana, 80.
Imposts, Congress has power to lay
and collect, 43.

Income Tax, Acts of Congress of
Civil War upheld, 11; Act of
1894 invalid for lack of apportion-
ment, 11; held to be direct tax
in England and Canada, 11;
Sixteenth Amendment removed
necessity of apportionment, 12,
251; Act of 1919 invalid as to
Federal judges' salaries, 135, 252;
Taney protested Civil War tax,
135; salary of President not
subject to, 136.

Insular Cases, Congress prepares
acquired territory for Union, 72.
Interstate Commerce Commission,
52, 133.

Iron-Clad Oath, 86, 182.

introduced written messages to
Congress, 122; his action in
prosecution of Burr, 150; worked
for religious freedom in Virginia,
198; opposed too much govern-
ment at Washington, 226.
Jenks, Edward, on decline in value
of English money, 37.
Jeopardy, explanation of the term,
211; accused not to be placed in,
twice, 211.
Johnson, Andrew, controversy with
Congress over Reconstruction, 15;
impeached by House of Represent-
atives, 15; immediate cause of
impeachment, 16; failure to con-
vict, 16; vetoed Tenure of Office
Act, 16; humorous comment on
his view of power, 17; Christmas-
day pardon for those in Civil War,
113.

Judges (State), and treaty as su-
preme law, 178; bound by Na-
tional Constitution, Laws and
Treaties, 179; Dicey on effect of
this obligation, 181; required to
take oath to support Constitution,
182.

Judicial Department, Hamilton on
duty of Federal courts, 130;
function of the courts, 130; Fiske
on importance of American judi-
ciary, 131; judicial power vested
in Supreme and inferior courts,
131; compensation of judges not
to be diminished, 133, 135; term
of judges during good behavior,
133; American plan of, followed
elsewhere, 134; Lecky on status of
judges, 134; terms of judges in
other countries, 134; income tax
invalid as to salaries of judges,
135; court acts only when case is
brought, 136; judicial powers
of, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142,
144; restrictions on judicial powers
of, 137, 166-168, 228; designed
to be free from local influence, 137;

Hamilton on relative powers of
three departments, 137; Articles
of Confederation provided no
judicial system, 137; United
States makes general use of its
courts, 139; Constitution makes
justiciable questions formerly met
by force, 140, 141; United
States removes cases from State
courts, 140; Dicey's opinion of
working of, 180, 181. See also
COURTS (Inferior); SUPREME
COURT.

Jury, trial by, demanded in Colonial
Declaration of Rights 1765 and
1774, 145; trial for crimes except
impeachment by, 145;

cannot

be superseded by military court
in time of peace, 146; defined,
146; in civil cases involving over
twenty dollars, 146, 221; of State
and district where crime com-
mitted, 147; provision for, in early
State constitutions, 146. See also
TRIAL.

LABOR, Contract Labor Law of 1885
referred to, 6; hours of, may be
limited, 239, 242; laws for benefit
of, generally upheld, 239, 240;
minimum wage law upheld, 240;
State may employ only citizens
of United States if desired, 240;
length of working day for women
may be fixed, 242; State law for-
bidding test of union membership
held void, 242; aliens cannot be
excluded by State from employ-
ment, 243; employment of children
may be prohibited, 243; safeguards
on machinery and semi-monthly
wage payments may be required,
243; payment in scrip may be
forbidden, 243.

Lands, aliens may hold in some

States, 57. See also PUBLIC
LANDS; WESTERN LANDS.
Law, the study of, in colonial Amer-

ica, xi; how enacted in United
States, 38; resolution to amend
Constitution not a law, 42; to
be faithfully executed by President,
126; Woodrow Wilson on this
power, 126.

Lawyers, in the Convention, xi.
Lecky, W. E. H., on Colonial privi-
leges, x; on bills of attainder in
America; 85; on the status of
judges, 134; praises plan of
amending Constitution, 172.
Legal Tender, Act of Congress sus-
tained, 48, 61, 132; the "Green-
back" Cases, 48; paper money of
Civil War made, 48; power to
"emit bills" refused by Conven-
tion, 48; greenbacks redeemed,
49; issue of paper money after
Civil War upheld, 49; State may
make only gold and silver, 91.
See also MONEY.
Legislative Department, all powers
vested in a Congress, 8; consists
of Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives, 8; two branches in-
dispensably necessary, 8; Monroe
on fundamental importance of, 8;
one house under Articles of Con-
federation, 8; Colonial Declara-
tion of Rights 1774, for two houses,
195. See also CONGRESS.
Letters of Marque and Reprisal,
Congress can grant, 70.
Liberty, blessings of, one purpose
of Constitution, 5; not to be de-
prived of, except by due process
of law, 241; labor laws not denial
of, 242; what is included in term,
242; laws prohibiting employ-
ment of children not denial of,
243; not infringed by compulsory
vaccination, 243.

Life, not to be deprived of, by Nation
or State except by due process of
law, 241.

Liquors, intoxicating, Eighteenth
Amendment sustained, 254; manu-