portation of Japanese and other laborers under contract to serve monopolistic corporations is a notorious and flagrant violation of the immigration laws. We demand that the federal government shall take cognizance of this menacing evil and repress it under existing laws. We further pledge ourselves to strive for the enactment of more stringent laws for the exclusion of Mongolian and Malayan immigration;" and the Silver Republican party declared: "We are opposed to the importation of Asiatic laborers in competition with American labor, and favor a more rigid enforcement of the laws relating thereto." Immigration Statistics. During the period 1789-1820, when no thorough oversight was exercised, it is estimated that the number of immigrants into the United States aggregated 250,000; and during the period 1820-1904 the aggregate was 22,574,223. Commerce rapidly became more diffused. declaration in its platform: “The imBoston, which almost engrossed trade in navigation, now began to find rivals in New York, Baltimore, Norfolk, Charleston, and little seaports on the New England coasts; and its progress, which had been arrested by these causes twenty-five years before, stood still twenty-five years longer. The leading political parties in recent years have made almost identical declarations in their national platforms. At the beginning of the campaign of 1896 the Democratic National Convention, which nominated Mr. Bryan, ignored the subject; but the Free-Silver wing of the party, in convention in Chicago, declared: "We hold that the most efficient way of protecting American labor is to prevent the importation of foreign pauper labor to compete with it in the home market, and that the value of the home market to our American farmers and artisans is greatly reduced by a vicious monetary system which depresses the prices of their products below the cost of production, and thus deprives them of the means of purchasing the products of our home manufactories; and as labor creates the wealth of the country, we demand the passage of such laws as may be necessary to protect it in all its rights;" and the Republican National Convention declared: "For the protection of the quality of our American citizenship, and of the wages of our workingmen against the fatal competition of low-priced labor, we demand that the immigration laws be thoroughly enforced, and so extended as to exclude from entrance to the United States those who can neither read nor write." In the campaign of 1900 the Democratic National Convention called for the strict enforcement of the Chinese exclusion act and its application to the same classes of all Asiatic races; the Republican National Convention pronounced: "In the further interest of American workmen we favor a more effective restriction of the immigration of cheap labor from foreign lands, the extension of opportunities of education for working children, the raising of the age limit for child labor, the protection of free labor as against contract convict labor, and an effective sys- "Be it enacted, etc., that the followtem of labor insurance;" the People's ing classes of aliens shall be excluded party (Fusion wing) inserted this from admission into the United States, The nationality of immigrants in the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, was as follows: Austria-Hungary, 178,316; German Empire, 46,520; Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia, 194,155; Norway, 23,728; Sweden, 27,824; Rumania, 7.296; Russian Empire and Finland, 144,138; England, 37,865; Ireland, 36,731; Scotland, 11,113; Wales, 1,829; Japan, 13.046; Turkey in Asia, 5,659; West Indies, 11,285; all other countries, 75,846; total. 815,361. High-water mark was reached in 1903, when the immigrants numbered 857,046. the total of the previous year being the highest up to that time, 648,743. The lowest number of arrivals in the period of 1867-1900 was 141,857 in 1877, and in the period 1880-1904, 229,299 in 1898. Immigration Act of 1891.-This measure, "in amendment of the various acts relative to immigration and the importation of aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor," was introduced in the House by Mr. Owen, of Indiana, and referred to the committee on immigration and naturalization. It was reported back, discussed, and amended, and passed the House Feb. 25, 1891, as follows: in accordance with the existing acts regulating immigration, other than those concerning Chinese laborers: All idiots, insane persons, paupers or persons likely to become a public charge, persons suffering from a loathsome or dangerous contagious disease, persons who have been convicted of a felony or other infamous crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude, polygamists, and also any person whose ticket or passage is paid for with money of another or who is assisted by others to come, unless it is affirmatively and satisfactorily shown on special inquiry that such person does not belong to one of the foregoing excluded classes, or to the class of contract laborers excluded by the act of Feb. 26, 1885. But this section shall not be held to exclude persons living in the United States from sending for a relative or friend who is not of the excluded classes, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe; Provided, that nothing in this act shall be construed to apply to exclude persons convicted of a political offence, notwithstanding said political offence may be designated as a felony, crime, infamous crime or misdemeanor involving moral turpitude' by the laws of the land whence he came or by the court convicting. "Sec. 2. That no suit or proceeding for violations of said act of Feb. 26, 1885, prohibiting the importation and migration of foreigners under contract or agreement to perform labor, shall be settled, compromised, or discontinued without the consent of the court entered of record with reasons therefor. "Sec. 3. That it shall be deemed a violation of said act of Feb. 26, 1885, to assist or encourage the importation or migration of any alien by promise of employment through advertisements printed and published in any foreign country; and any alien coming to this country in consequence of such an advertisement shall be treated as coming under a contract as contemplated by such act; and the penalties by said act imposed shall be applicable in such a case; Provided, this section shall not apply to States, and immigration bureaus of States, advertising the inducements they offer for immigration to such States. "Sec. 4. That no steamship or transportation company or owners of vessels shall, directly, or through agents, either by writing, printing, or oral representations, solicit, invite, or encourage the immigration of any alien into the United States except by ordinary commercial letters, circulars, advertisements, or oral representations, stating the sailings of their vessels and the terms and facilities of transportation therein; and for a violation of this provision any such steamship or transportation company, and any such owners of vessels, and the agents by them employed, shall be subjected to the penalties imposed by the third section of said act of Feb. 26, 1885, for violations of the provisions of the first section of said act. "Sec. 5. That section 5 of said act of Feb. 26, 1885, shall be, and hereby is, amended by adding to the second proviso in said section the words 'nor to ministers of any religious denomination, nor persons belonging to any recognized profession, nor professors for colleges and seminaries,' and by excluding from the second proviso of said section the words or any relative or personal friend.' "Sec. 6. That any person who shall bring into or land in the United States by vessel or otherwise, or who shall aid to bring into or land in the United States by vessel or otherwise, any alien not lawfully entitled to enter the United States, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine not exceeding $1,000, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. "Sec. 7. That the office of superintend ent of immigration is hereby created and established, and the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, is authorized and directed to appoint such officer, whose salary shall be $4,000 per annum, payable monthly. The superintendent of immigration shall be an officer in the Treasury Department, under the control and supervision of the Secretary of the Treasury, to whom he shall make annual reports in writing of the transactions of his office, together with such special reports, in writing, as the Secretary of the Treasury shall require. The Secretary shall provide the superintendent cers and agents of such vessel to adopt with a suitably furnished office in the due precautions to prevent the landing city of Washington, and with such books of any alien immigrant at any place or of record and facilities for the discharge time other than that designated by the of the duties of his office as may be inspection officers, and any such officer necessary. He shall have a chief clerk, or agent or person in charge of such vesat a salary of $2,000 per annum, and two sel who shall either knowingly or neglifirst-class clerks. gently land or permit to land any alien immigrant at any place or time other than that designated by the inspection officers, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and punished by a fine not exceeding $1,000, or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. "Sec. 8. That upon the arrival by water at any place within the United States of any alien immigrants it shall be the duty of the commanding officer and the agent of the steam or sailing vessel by which they came to report the name, nationality, last residence, and destination of every such alien, before any of them "That the Secretary of the Treasury are landed, to the proper inspection offi- may prescribe rules for inspection along cers, who shall thereupon go or send com- the borders of Canada, British Columbia, petent assistants on board such vessel and Mexico so as not to obstruct, or unand there inspect all such aliens, or the necessarily delay, impede, or annoy pasinspection officer may order a temporary sengers in ordinary travel between said removal of such aliens for examination at a designated time and place, and then and there detain them until a thorough inspection is made. But such removal shall not be considered a landing during the pendency of such examination. "The medical examination shall be made by surgeons of the marine hospital service. In cases where the services of a marine hospital surgeon cannot be obtained without causing unreasonable delay, the inspector may cause an alien to be examined by a civil surgeon, and the Secretary of the Treasury shall fix the compensation for such examinations. "The inspection officers and their assistants shall have power to administer oaths, and to take and consider testimony touching the right of any such aliens to enter the United States, all of which shall be entered of record. During such inspection after temporary removal the superintendent shall cause such aliens to be properly housed, fed, and cared for, and also, in his discretion, such as are delayed in proceeding to their destination after inspection. "All decisions made by the inspection officers or their assistants touching the right of any alien to land, when adverse to such right, shall be final unless appeal be taken to the superintendent of immigration, whose action shall be subject to review by the Secretary of the Treasury. It shall be the duty of the aforesaid offi countries: Provided, that not exceeding one inspector shall be appointed for each customs district, and whose salary shall not exceed $1,200 per year. "All duties imposed and powers conferred by the second section of the act of Aug. 3, 1882, upon State commissioners, boards, or officers acting under contract with the Secretary of the Treasury shall be performed and exercised, as occasion may arise, by the inspection officers of the United States. "Sec. 9. That for the preservation of the peace and in order that arrest may be made for crimes under the laws of the States where the various United States immigrant stations are located, the officials in charge of such stations, as occasion may require, shall admit therein the proper State and municipal officers charged with the enforcement of such laws, and for the purposes of this section the jurisdiction of such officers and of the local courts shall extend over such stations. "Sec. 10. That all aliens who may unlawfully come to the United States shall, if practicable, be immediately sent back on the vessel by which they were brought in. The cost of their maintenance while on land, as well as the expense of the return of such aliens, shall be borne by the owner or owners of the vessel on which such aliens came; and if any master, agent, consignee, or owner of such vessel shall refuse to receive back on board the "Sec. 11. That any alien who shall come into the United States in violation of law may be returned, as by law provided, at any time within one year thereafter, at the expense of the person or persons, vessel, transportation company or corporation bringing such alien into the United States, and if that cannot be done, then at the expense of the United States; and any alien who becomes a public charge within one year after his arrival in the United States from causes existing prior to his landing therein shall be deemed to have come in violation of law and shall be returned as aforesaid. vessel such aliens, or shall neglect to de- the United States gives the House of tain them thereon, or shall refuse or neg- Representatives sole power to impeach the lect to return them to the port from President, Vice-President, and all civil which they came, or to pay the cost of officers of the United States by a numeritheir maintenance while on land, such cal majority only. It also gives the Senmaster, agent, consignee, or owner shall ate sole power to try all impeachments. be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and The Senate then sits as a court, organizshall be punished by a fine not less than ing anew, Senators taking a special oath $300 for each and every offence; and any or affirmation applicable to the proceedsuch vessel shall not have clearance from ing. From their decision there is no any port of the United States while any appeal. A vote of two-thirds of the Sensuch fine is unpaid. ate is necessary to convict. When the President is tried the chief-justice presides. The punishment is limited by the Constitution (1) to removal from office; (2) to disqualification from holding and enjoying any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States government. Important cases: (1) William Blount, United States Senator from Tennessee, for conspiring to transfer New Orleans from Spain to Great Britain, 1797-98; acquitted for want of evidence. (2) John Pickering, judge of the district court of New Hampshire, charged with drunkenness, profanity, etc.; convicted March 12, 1803. (3) Judge Samuel Chase, impeached March 30, 1804; acquitted March 1, 1805. (4) James H. Peck, district judge of Missouri, impeached Dec. 13, 1830, for arbitrary conduct, etc.; acquitted. (5) West H. Humphreys, district judge of Tennessee, impeached and convicted for rebellion, Jan. 26, 1862. (6) Andrew Johnson, President of the United States, impeached "of high crimes and misdemeanors," Feb. 22, 1868; acquitted. (7) W. W. Belknap, Secretary of War, impeached for receiving money of posttraders among the Indians, March 2, 1876; resigned at the same time; acquitted for want of jurisdiction. "Sec. 12. That nothing contained in this act shall be construed to affect any prosecution or other proceeding, criminal or civil, begun under any existing act or acts hereby amended, but such prosecution or other proceeding, criminal or civil, shall proceed as if this act had not been passed. "Sec 13. That the circuit and district courts of the United States are hereby invested with full and concurrent jurisdiction of all causes, civil and criminal, arising under any of the provisions of this act; and this act shall go into effect on the first day of April, 1891." The measure passed the Senate Feb. 27, and was approved by the President March 3, 1891. "Impending Crisis," the title of a book written by Hinton R. Helper, of North Carolina, pointing out the evil efSee fects of slavery upon the whites, first published in 1857. It had a large sale Impeachment. The Constitution of (140,000 copies) and great influence. Immigration, RESTRICTION OF. LODGE, HENRY CABOT. IMPERIALISM Imperialism. The Hon. William A. The arraignment of the national adPeffer, ex-Senator from Kansas, makes the following important contribution to the discussion of this question: ministration by certain citizens on a charge of imperialism, in the execution of its Philippine policy, brings up for Third. Is our Philippine policy anti- and the free people of color, were all exAmerican? I. cluded from the ranks of those who participated in the institution of our new government. Their consent to anything done or contemplated in the administration of our public affairs was neither asked nor desired. Their consent or dissent did not enter into the problems of government. It made no difference what their wishes were, or to what they were op As to the right to govern-the right to exercise authority over communities, states, and nations, the right to enact, construe, and execute laws-whence it is derived? For what purposes and to what extent may it be properly assumed? In the Declaration of Independence it posed. A majority of such persons as enis asserted that: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed." But is it true that government, even in a republic like ours, derives its just pow; ers only from the consent of the governed? Is it not a fact that at no time in our history have we either had or asked the consent of all the people within our jurisdiction, to the powers of government which we have been exercising over them? Is it not true, on the contrary, that we have been governing many of them, not only without their consent, but in direct opposition to it? The Constitution, framed to provide such a form of government as the signers of the Declaration had in mind, contains the following provision: "No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due." And this: "The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a duty or tax may be imposed on such im joyed political privileges-they and they only-formed the new government and organized its powers, without regard to the disfranchised classes, as much so these classes had not been in existence. as if And, in addition to the non-voting people, there were many white men in the States who, by reason of their poverty, were not permitted to vote, and hence It is, probably, safe to say that, of the could not take part in popular elections. whole population of the country, when the Constitution was put into effect, the number that had no part in the work of establishing the national government, either for or against it, although they were subject to its rule, constituted at least 25 per cent. Still more. and among In every one of the States, those persons, too, qualified to vote, there was opposition, more or less, to the inauguration of the new régime. North Carolina did not ratify the Constitution till more than two years after the convention that framed it had adjourned sine die; and Rhode Island did not come into the Union till May of Presi dent Washington's second year. There is no way of ascertaining exactly the number of voters who were opposed to the new plan, who did not consent to it, and who would have defeated it if they could; but, if these be added to the disfranchised classes, we have a total of at least one-third of the inhabitants of the country not consenting to the exercise of these governmental powers over them. Yet |