! country between the Platte and Arkansas government. There were 180,000 Indians rivers. The Sahaptins include the Nez on reservations, or at schools under control Percés and Walla Wallas, extending from of the Indian Bureau, leaving about 90,000 the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, in the five civilized tribes of Indian Terriin Oregon and Washington. Beyond tory and in New York State, the former these are the more powerful Chinooks, numbering about 84,500, and the latnow rapidly melting away. They em- ter, 5,232. Besides these, there were braced numerous tribes, from the mouth 32,567 taxable and self-sustaining Indof the Columbia River to the Grand ians who had become citizens of the Dalles. The Shoshones comprise tribes United States. The expensive and cominhabiting the territory around the head- plicated machinery for the management of waters of the Columbia and Missouri Indian affairs has been much in the way rivers; the Comanches, extending from of the elevation of the race in the scale of the head-waters of the Brazos to those of the Arkansas; families in Utah and Texas, and several tribes in California. The Attakapas and Chitemachas, in Texas, have languages that enter into no known group. civilization, and has produced much evil by creating irritation, jealousy, and universal lack of faith in the white race. These irritations for a long time kept a large portion of the Indians in a state of chronic hostility, and whole tribes utterly refused Condition of the Indians.-According to all overtures of the government to accept official reports, the Indian population in its protection and fostering care. In 1880 1904 was, approximately, about 270,000, it was estimated that the number of ponearly all of whom were partially or abso- tentially hostile Indians was fully 60,000. lutely under the control of the national In 1891 the condition of affairs had been INDIRECT CLAIMS-INFLATION LEGISLATION much improved. Among many tribes the at any time within three years, bearing introduction of agriculture, schools, and interest not to exceed 6 per cent., and churches had been attended with the hap- issued in denominations of not less than piest results. There were 24,357 pupils ten dollars, which should be legal tender enrolled in the reservation, non-reserva- for their face value, the same as the tion, and day schools, besides 3,506 in in- United States notes. Under the authorstitutes and public schools, and these ity of this latter clause, there were isschools were supported at an expense of sued of one-year notes, bearing interest $3,522,950. There is a tendency in most at 5 per cent., $44,520,000, and of twoof the tribes to engage in settled pursuits year notes, bearing interest at 6 per cent., and accept citizenship. See also names $166,480,000. Authority was given on of various tribes. the same day for the issue of enough Indirect Claims. See ALABAMA fractional currency to bring the amount of circulation up to $50,000,000. CLAIMS. Industrial Education. NOLOGY, SCHOOLS OF. TIONS. See TECH The tender paper issued by the government, exclusive of fractional currency, having a limited legal-tender quality, may be thus summed up: United States notes. Total .... $449,338,902 44,520,000 166,480,000 $660,338,902 Authority having been given by law to reissue indefinitely any of the United Industrial Exhibitions. See EXPOSI- States notes, no care was taken, in reissuing them, to maintain any distincInflation Legislation. In order to tion in the character of the notes. fully comprehend the financial situation amount outstanding at one time, howof the United States which led up to ever, never exceeded the aggregate the inflation legislation, it is necessary amount authorized to be issued by the to go back to the State and national three acts, and its highest amount was finances just after the Civil War opened. reached Jan. 30, 1864, when it was The demand - note issue of July 17, $449,338,902. The total amount of legal1861, was the first attempt to use the government notes as currency. These were redeemable at sight in coin, and were used in the payment of salaries due employés in the departments. The act of Feb. 25, 1862, authorized the issue of $150,000,000 in legal-tender United States notes, $50,000,000 of which were to take up the issue of demand notes. July 11, 1862, an additional issue of $150,000,000 in legal-tender notes was authorized by In July, 1865, the government had outCongress, $35,000,000 of this to be in standing $433,000,000 of United States sums of less than five dollars. July 17, notes, $43,000,000 of one and two year 1862, an act authorized the issue of notes notes, and $25,000,000 of fractional notes. of the fractional part of one dollar, re- In his report at the opening of Congress ceivable in payment of all dues, except in that year Secretary McCulloch advocustoms, less than five dollars, and ex- cated a contraction of the currency, and changeable for United States notes in to carry out this policy Congress, by an sums not less than five dollars. The act approved April 12, 1866, directed amount of this issue was not specified. "that of United States notes not more On Jan. 17, 1863, a resolution authorized than $10,000,000 may be retired and canthe issue of $100,000,000 in United States celled within six months of the pasnotes for the immediate payment of sage of this act, and thereafter not more the army and navy. The amount of this than $4,000,000 per month." Under this issue was subsequently included in the act the notes were retired and cancelled act of March 3, 1863, which authorized as provided by law, and reduced to ashes, an issue of legal-tender United States as provided by treasury regulations, until notes, in all respects similar to those al- threatened stringency in the money marready issued, to the amount of $150,000,- ket made Congress eager to ward off, if 000, and also an amount, not to exceed possible, the inevitable result of contrac$400,000,000, of treasury notes, payable tion. terest, national obligations to creditors, By an act of Feb. 4, 1868, the authority would give the expected relief. This to further retire United States notes was theory, in my belief, is a departure from suspended, then leaving outstanding true principles of finance, national in$356,000,000. Now the maximum limit of United States notes had been fixed, by the act of June 30, 1864, as $400,000,000, and during the year 1870 some financial genius discovered that this was meant to indicate the minimum also, and that $44,000,000 in notes, though they had been burned according to regulations, still remained as a reserve, which the Secretary of the Treasury could issue or retire at his discretion. By virtue of this newly when the coin is not owned or held ready discovered discretionary power, Secretary Boutwell, in October, 1871, issued $1,500,000 of this to relieve a stringency on Wall Street. By the following year he had issued $4,637,256 of this reserve, but the outery against his policy was SO strong that he retired nearly all of it, and early in 1873 Secretary Richardson retired the rest. In the latter part of the year, however, on the occasion of the panic, Secretary Richardson reissued $25,000,000 of it to relieve the embarrassed banks. A bill fixing the legal tender United States currency at $400,000,000, and making some important stipulations about bank issues, was passed by both Houses early in 1874, but was vetoed by the President. A part of the veto message is here given to show the grounds of his action: "Practically it is a question whether the measure under discussion would give an additional dollar to the irredeemable paper currency of the country or not, and whether, by requiring three-fourths of the reserve to be returned by the banks and prohibiting interest to be received on the balance, it might not prove a contraction. But the fact cannot be concealed that theoretically the bill increases the paper circulation $100,000,000, less only the amount of reserves restrained from circulation by the provision of the second section. The measure has been supported on the theory that it would give increased circulation. It is a fair inference, therefore, that if in practice the measures should fail to create the abundance of circulation expected of it, the friends of the measure-particularly those out of Congress-would clamor for such inflation as to redeem the promises to pay, for paper money is nothing more than promises to pay, and is valuable exactly in proportion to the amount of coin that it can be converted into. While coin is not used as a circulating medium, or the currency of the country is not convertible into it at par, it becomes an article of commerce as much as any other product. The surplus will seek a foreign market, as will any other surplus. The balance of trade has nothing to do with the question. Duties on exports being required in coin creates a limited demand for gold. About enough to satisfy that demand remains in the country. To increase this supply I see no way open but by the government hoarding, through the means above given, and possibly by requiring the national banks to aid. It is claimed by the advocates of the measure herewith returned that there is an unequal distribution of the banking capital of the country. I was disposed to give great weight to this view of the question at first, but on reflection it will be remembered that there still remains $4,000,000 of authorized bank-note circulation, assigned to States having less than their quota, not yet taken. In addition to this the States having less than their quota of bank circulation have the option of $25,000,000 more to be taken from those States having more than their proportion. When this is all taken up, or when specie payments are fully restored, or are in rapid process of restoration, will be the time to consider the question of more currency." An act fixing the issue of United States notes at $383,000,000, the amount then outstanding, was approved June 20, 1874. Between 1868 and 1874 the amount of fractional notes had also been increased of the Farmers' Alliance, which he had severely criticised. On retiring from the Senate he engaged in journalism and lecturing till his death, in Las Vegas, N. M., Aug. 16, 1900. Eulogy on Senator Hill.-On Jan. 23, 1882, he delivered the following eulogy on the occasion of the death of Senator Benjamin Harvey Hill, of Georgia: from $25,000,000 to $46,000,000. In January, 1875, the resumption act was passed, and under its provisions the retirement of United States notes was again begun. The redemption of the fractional currency with silver was also begun, and went on so rapidly that by the end of 1877 only $16,000,000 of it remained. Congress passed an act, May 31, 1878, forbidding the further retirement of United States Mr. President,-Ben. Hill has gone to notes under the resumption act. But the the undiscovered country. Whether his increase in the commerce of the country journey thither was but one step across had by this time so far readjusted credits an imperceptible frontier, or whether an that the value of legal tender and coin interminable ocean, black, unfluctuating, had become nearly equal. On Jan. 1, and voiceless, stretches between these 1879, therefore, resumption took place earthly coasts and those invisible shores according to law, without any serious -we do not know. derangement of the business of the country. Ingalls, JAMES MONROE, military officer; born in Sutton, Vt., Jan. 25, 1837; was educated at Evansville (Wis.) Seminary; graduated at the United States Artillery School in 1872; entered the regular army, Jan. 2, 1864; promoted 1st lieutenant, May 3, 1863; captain, July 1, 1880; major, June 1, 1897; lieutenantcolonel, Oct. 5, 1900; and was retired, Jan. 25, 1901. He founded the department of ballistics in the United States Artillery School in 1882, and was the principal instructor there till the outbreak of the war with Spain, when the school suspended operations. He was the author of Exterior Ballistics; Ballistic Machines; Ballistic Tables; Ballistics for the Instruction of Artillery Gunners; etc. Ingalls, JOHN JAMES, lawyer; born in Middleton, Mass., Dec. 29, 1833; graduated at Williams College in 1855, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He went to Atchison, Kan., in 1858, and became a member of the Wyandotte Convention in 1859, secretary of the territorial council in 1869, and secretary of the State Senate in 1861. He was State Senator in 1862, and in the same year was defeated as Republican candidate for lieutenantgovernor. In 1863-65 he was editor of the Atchison Champion; in 1864 was again defeated for lieutenant-governor; in 187391 was a United States Senator, and in 1887-91 was president pro tem. of the Senate. He was forced to retire to private life in 1891 by the ascendancy in Kansas Whether on that August morning af ter death, he saw a more glorious sun rise with unimaginable splendor above a celestial horizon, or whether his apathetic and unconscious ashes still sleep in cold obstruction and insensible oblivion-we do not know. Whether his strong and subtle energies found instant exercise in another forum, whether his dexterous and undisciplined faculties are now contending in a higher Senate than ours for supremacy, or whether his powers were dissipated and dispersed with his parting breath-we do not know. Whether his passions, ambitions, and affections still sway, attract, and impel, whether he yet remembers us as we remember him-we do not know. These are the unsolved, the insolvable problems of mortal life and human destiny, which prompted the troubled patriarch to ask that momentous question, for which the centuries have given no answer: "If a man die, shall he live control. But in the maturity of his powers and his fame, with unmeasured opportunities for achievement apparently before him, with great designs unaccomplished, surrounded by the proud and affectionate solicitude of a great constituency, the pallid messenger with the inverted torch beckoned him to depart. There are few scenes in history more tragic than that protracted combat with death. No man had greater inducements to live. But in the long struggle against the inexorable advances of an insidious and mortal malady, he did not falter or repine. He retreated with the aspect of a victor, and though he succumbed, he seemed to conquer. His sun went down at noon, but it sank amid the prophetic splendors of an eternal dawn. Of all the dead whose obsequies we commanding presence, his sinewy diction, have paused to solemnize in this chamber, his confidence, and imperturbable selfI recall no one whose untimely fate seems so lamentable, and yet so rich in prophecy, as that of Senator Hill. He had reached the meridian of his years. He stood upon the high plateau of middle life, in that serene atmosphere where temptation no longer assails, where the clamorous passions and contention, such as infrequently fall to the lot of men, no longer find exercise. Though not without the tendency to meditation, reverie, and introspection which accompanies genius, his temperament was palestric. He was competitive and unpeaceful. He was born a polemic and controversialist, intellectually pugnacious and combative, so that he was impelled to defend any position that might be assailed, or to attack any position that might be intrenched, not because the defence or assault was essential, but because the positions were maintained, and those who held them became, by that fact alone, his adversaries. This tendency of his nature made his orbit erratic. He was meteoric, rather than planetary, and flashed with irregular splendor, rather than shone with steady and penetrating rays. His advocacy of any cause was fearless to the verge of temerity. He appeared to be indifferent to applause or censure, for their own sake. He accepted intrepidly any conclusion that he reached, without inquiring whether it was politic or expedient. With more than a hero's courage, with more than a martyr's fortitude, he waited the approach of the inevitable hour, and went to the undiscovered country. Ingalls, RUFUS, military officer; born in Denmark, Me., Aug. 23, 1820; graduated at West Point in 1843, entering the rifles, but was transferred to the dragoons in 1845. He served in the war with Mexico, and was on the staff of General Harney on the Pacific coast. In April, 1861, he went with Colonel Brown to reinforce Fort Pickens; and in July was ordered to the Army of the Potomac, where he was upon the staff of General McClellan, with the rank of lieutenantcolonel. He was chief quartermaster of that army from 1862 to 1865; was made To such a spirit partisanship was unavoidable, but with Senator Hill it did not degenerate into bigotry. He was capable of broad generosity, and extended to his opponents the same unreserved candor which he demanded for himself. brigadier-general of volunteers in May, His oratory was impetuous, and devoid of 1863, and was brevetted major-general, artifice. He was not a posturer or U. S. A. and U. S. V., March 13, 1865. phrase-monger. He was too intense, too He was in most of the battles of the Army earnest, to employ the cheap and paltry of the Potomac from that of South Moundecorations of discourse. He never re- tain to the surrender of Lee at Appomatconnoitred a hostile position, nor ap- tox. He died in New York City, Jan. 16, proached it by stealthy parallels. He could not lay siege to an enemy, nor beleaguer him, nor open trenches, and sap and mine. His method was the charge and the onset. He was the Murat of senatorial debate. Not many men of this generation have been better equipped for parliamentary warfare than he, with his 1893. Ingersoll, CHARLES JARED, statesman; born in Philadelphia, Oct. 3, 1782; became a lawyer, and was attached to the legation of Rufus King when he was minister to France. After travelling in Europe. he returned, and published a poem in 1800, and a tragedy in 1801. In 1810 he pub |