"On your arrival on that coast, en- failure of the enterprise, you are hereby deavor to learn if there be any port within your reach frequented by the sea vessels of any nation, and to send two of your trusty people back by sea, in such way as shall appear practicable, with a copy of your notes; and should you be of opinion that the return of your party by the way they went will be imminently dangerous, then ship the whole, and return by sea, by the way either of Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope, as you shall be able. As you will be without money, clothes, or provisions, you must endeavor to use the credit of the United States to obtain them, for which purpose open letters of credit shall be furnished you, authorizing you to draw on the executive of the United States, or any of its officers, in any part of the world, on which drafts can be disposed of, and to apply with our recommendations to the consuls, agents, merchants, or citizens of any nation with which we have intercourse, assuring them, in our name, that any aids they may furnish you shall be honorably repaid, and on demand. Our consuls, Thomas Hewes, at Batavia, in Java, William Buchanan, in the Isles of France and Bourbon, and John Elmslie, at the Cape of Good Hope, will be able to supply your necessities by drafts on us. "Should you find it safe to return by the way you go, after sending two of your party round by sea, or with your whole party, if no conveyance by sea can be found, do so, making such observations on your return as may serve to supply, correct, or confirm those made on your outward journey. "On re-entering the United States and reaching a place of safety, discharge any of your attendants who may desire and deserve it, procuring for them immediate payment of all arrears of pay and clothing which may have incurred since their departure, and assure them that they shall be recommended to the liberality of the legislature for the grant of a soldier's portion of land each, as proposed in my message to Congress, and repair yourself, with your papers, to the seat of govern ment. authorized, by any instrument signed and While these things were going on here, the country of Louisiana, lately ceded by Spain to France, had been the subject of negotiation at Paris between us and this last power, and had actually been transferred to us by treaties executed at Paris on April 30. This information, received about the first day of July, increased infinitely the interest we felt in the expedition, and lessened the apprehensions of interruption from other powers. Everything in this quarter being now prepared, Captain Lewis left Washington on July 5, 1803, and proceeded to Pittsburg, where other articles had been ordered to be provided for him. The men, too, were to be selected from the military stations on the Ohio. Delays of preparation, difficulties of navigation down the Ohio, and other untoward obstructions, retarded his arrival at Cahokia until the season was so far advanced as to render it prudent to suspend his entering the Missouri before the ice should break up in the succeeding spring. From this time his journal, now published, will give the history of his journey to and from the Pacific Ocean, until his return to St. Louis on Sept. 23, 1806. Never did a similar event excite more joy through the United States. The humblest of its citizens had taken a lively interest in the issue of this journey, and looked forward with impatience for "To provide, on the accident of your death, against anarchy, dispersion, and the consequent danger to your party, and total the information it would furnish. Their anxieties, too, for the safety of the corps had been kept in a state of excitement by lugubrious rumors, circulated from time to time on uncertain authorities, and uncontradicted by letters or other direct information, from the time they had left the Mandan towns, on their ascent up the river in April of the preceding year, 1805, until their actual return to St. Louis. returned upon him with redoubled vigor, and began seriously to alarm his friends. He was in a paroxysm of one of these when his affairs rendered it necessary for him to go to Washington. He proceeded to the Chickasaw Bluffs, where he arrived on Sept. 16, 1809, with a view of continuing his journey thence by water. Mr. Neely, agent of the United States with the Chickasaw Indians, arriving there two days after, found him extremely indisposed, and betraying at times some symptoms of a derangement of mind. The rumors of a war with England, and ap It was in the middle of February, 1807, before Captain Lewis, with his companion, Captain Clarke, reached the city of Washington, where Congress was then in prehensions that he might lose the papers session. That body granted the two chiefs and their followers the donation of lands which they had been encouraged to expect in reward of their toil and dangers. Captain Lewis was soon afterwards appointed governor of Louisiana, and Captain Clarke a general of its militia, and agent of the United States for Indian affairs in that department. he was bringing on, among which were the vouchers of his public accounts and the journals and papers of his Western expedition, induced him here to change his mind, and to take his course by land through the Chickasaw country. Although he appeared somewhat relieved, Mr. Neely kindly determined to accompany and watch over him. UnfortunateA considerable time intervened before ly, at their encampment, after having the governor's arrival at St. Louis. He passed the Tennessee one day's journey, found the territory distracted by feuds they lost two horses, which obliging Mr. and contentions among the officers of the Neely to halt for their recovery, the govgovernment, and the people themselves ernor proceeded, under a promise to wait divided by these into factions and parties. for him at the house of the first white He determined at once to take no side with inhabitant on his road. He stopped at either, but to use every endeavor to con- the house of a Mr. Grinder, who not ciliate and harmonize them. The even- being at home, his wife, alarmed at the handed justice he administered to all symptoms of derangement she discovered, soon established a respect for his person gave him up the house, and retired and authority; and perseverance and time to rest herself in an out-house, the wore down animosities, and reunited the governor's and citizens again into one family. Neely's servants lodging in another. About three o'clock in the night he did the deed which plunged his friends into affliction and deprived his country of one of her most valued citizens, whose valor. and intelligence would have been now employed in avenging the wrongs of his country, and in emulating by land the splendid deeds which have honored her arms on the ocean. It lost, too, to the nation the Governor Lewis had, from early life, been subject to hypochondriac affections. It was a constitutional disposition in all the nearer branches of the family of his name, and was more immediately inherited by him from his father. They had not, however, been so strong as to give uneasiness to his family. While he lived with me in Washington, I observed at times sensible depressions of mind; benefit of receiving from his own hand but, knowing their constitutional source, I estimated their course by what I had seen in the family. During his Western expedition the constant exertion which that required of all the faculties of body and mind suspended these distressing affections; but, after his establishment at St. Louis in sedentary occupations, they ness. the narrative now offered them of his sufferings and successes, in endeavoring to extend for them the boundaries of science, and to present to their knowledge that vast and fertile country which their sons are destined to fill with arts, with science, with freedom and happi To this melancholy close of the life of one whom posterity will declare not to have lived in vain I have only to add that all the facts I have stated are either known to myself or communicated by his family or others, for whose truth I have no hesitation to make myself responsible; and I conclude with tendering you the assurances of my respect and consideration. graduated at Haverford College in 1888. He became instructor of legal history in the University of Pennsylvania in 1891; was lecturer on economics in Haverford College in 1890-96, and then became dean of the law department of the University of Pennsylvania. He has edited new editions of Wharton's Criminal Law; Greenleaf's Evidence, and Blackstone's Commentaries, and also the American Lewis, MORGAN, jurist; born in New Law Register, and a Digest of Decisions York City, Oct. 16, 1754; son of Francis of the United States Supreme Court and Lewis; graduated at Princeton in 1773. Circuit Court of Appeals. He was the He studied law with John Jay, and join- co-editor of the Digest of Decisions and ed the army at Cambridge in June, 1775. Encyclopædia of Pennsylvania Law, and He was on the staff of General Gates of Pepper & Lewis's Digest of Statutes of with the rank of colonel in January, Pennsylvania. He is author of Federal 1776, and soon afterwards became quar- Power Over Commerce and Its Effect on termaster-general of the Northern army. State Action; Our Sheep and the Tariff, He was active during the war, and at etc. its close was admitted to the bar, and practised in Dutchess county, N. Y. He was a judge of the court of common pleas and of the superior court of the State in 1792, being, the year before, attorney-general. He was chief-justice in 1801, and governor from 1804 to 1807. In 1812 he was appointed quartermastergeneral with the rank of brigadier-general, and was promoted to major-general in 1813. He was active on the Niagara frontier in 1814, and was placed in command of the defences of the city of New York. After the war he devoted himself to literature and agriculture. In 1832 he delivered the address on the centennial of Washington's birth before the city authorities, and in 1835 became president of the New York Historical Society. He died in New York City, April 7, 1844. Lewis, THEODORE HAYES, archæologist; born in Richmond, Va., Dec. 15, 1854; received a common school education, and engaged in explorations and archæological surveys in the Mississippi basin in 1880. The results of his investigations are published in the American Journal of Archæology; the American Antiquarian; the American Naturalist; The Archæologist; Magazine of American History; Appleton's Annual Cyclopædia, etc. He is also the author of Tracts for Archæologists. Lewis, WILLIAM DRAPER, lawyer; born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 27, 1867; v.-2 A Lexington and Concord. In the early spring of 1775, General Gage had between 3,000 and 4,000 troops in Boston, and felt strong in the presence of rebellious utterances that filled the air. He observed with concern the gathering of munitions of war by the colonists. Informed that a considerable quantity had been deposited at Concord, a village about 16 miles from Boston, he planned a secret expedition to seize or destroy them. Towards midnight, on April 18, he sent 800 men, under Lieutenant-Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, to execute his designs. The vigilant patriots had discovered the secret, and were on the alert, and when the expedition moved to cross the Charles River, Paul Revere, one of the most active of the Sons of Liberty in Boston, had preceded them, and was on his way towards Concord to arouse the inhabitants and the minute-men. Soon afterwards church bells, musketry, and cannon spread the alarm over the country; and when, at dawn, April 19, Pitcairn, with the advanced guard, reached Lexington, a little village 6 miles from Concord, he found seventy determined men, under Capt. Jonas Parker, drawn up on the green to oppose him. Pitcairn rode forward and shouted, "Disperse! disperse, you rebels! Down with your arms, and disperse!" They refused obedience, and he ordered his men to fire. The order was obeyed, and the Revolutionary War was thus begun. Eight minute-men-good citizens of Mas369 chartered rights. Major Buttrick and bec, Newfoundland, Boston, or Georgia Adj. Joseph Hosmer took the chief com- were detained-the latter colony not havmand. The British had reached the North Bridge. Colonel Barrett, then in command of the whole, gave the word to march, and a determined force, under Major Buttrick, pressed forward to oppose the invaders, who were beginning to destroy the bridge. The minute-men were fired upon by the British, when a full volley was returned by the patriots. Some of the invaders fell; the others retreated. They had destroyed only a few stores in the village. The invaders were terribly smitten by the gathering minute-men on their retreat towards Lexington. Shots came, with deadly aim, from behind fences, stone walls, and trees. The gathering ing about 1,500 stand of arms, and stopyeomanry swarmed from the woods and fields, from farmhouses and hamlets. They attacked from ambush and in the open highway. It was evident to the Britons that the whole country was aroused. The heat was intense; the dust intolerable. The 800 men must have perished or been captured had not a reinforcement, under Lord Percy, met and relieved them near Lexington. After a brief rest, the whole body, 1,800 strong, retreated, and were terribly assailed along the whole 10 miles to their shelter at Charlestown, narrowly escaping 700 Essex militia, under Colonel Pickering, marching to strike their flank. Under the guns of British war vessels, the remnant of the detachment rested that night, and passed over to Boston the next morning. During the expedition the British lost, in killed, wounded, and missing, 273 men; the Americans lost 103. ing yet sent delegates to the Continental Congress. The New Yorkers addressed a letter to the mayor and aldermen of London-from whom Boston, in its distress, had received sympathy and aid-declaring that all the horrors of civil war could not compel the colonists to submit to taxation by the British Parliament. The inhabitants of Philadelphia followed those of the city of New York. Those of New Jersey took possession of the provincial treasury, containing about $50,000, to use for their own defence. The news reached Baltimore in six days, when the people seized the provincial magazine, contain When news of the affair at Lexington and Concord went over the land, the people were everywhere aroused to action, and never before nor afterwards was there so unanimous a determination to resist British oppression. In wavering New York there was unity at once, and the custom-house was immediately closed, and all vessels preparing to sail for Que ped all exports to the fishing-islands, to such of the islands as had not joined the confederacy, and to the British army and navy at Boston. In Virginia a provincial |