May 8, 1871, which provided for the settlement, by arbitration, by a mixed commission, of all claims on both sides for injuries by either government to the citizens of the other, during the Civil War, and for the permanent settlement of all questions in dispute between the two nations (see WASHINGTON, TREATY OF). Arbitrators were appointed, who, at Geneva, Switzerland, formed what was known as the Tribunal of Arbitration, and reached a decision in which both parties acquiesced. See ARBITRATION, TRIBUNAL OF.

THROP MOTLEY (q. v.), appointed minister federate cruisers; (6) claims of British at the British Court, was charged with subjects against the United States for the same mission, but failed in that par- losses and injuries arising out of acts ticular, and was recalled in 1870. The committed during the Civil War. A matter was finally settled by arbitration. treaty was agreed to, and was signed Much correspondence succeeded the efforts to settle by treaty. Finally, in January, 1871, the British minister at Washington, Sir Edward Thornton, in a letter to Secretary Fish, proposed, under instructions from his government, a Joint High Commission, to be appointed by the two governments, respectively, to settle disputes of every kind between the United States and Great Britain, and so establish a permanent friendship between the two nations. Mr. Fish proposed that the commission should embrace in its inquiries the matter of the "Alabama Claims," so that nothing should remain Joliet, Louis, discoverer; born in Queto disturb amicable relations. The sug- bec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645; was edugestion was approved, and each govern- cated at the Jesuit college in his native ment appointed commissioners. The city, and afterwards engaged in the furPresident appointed, for the United trade in the Western wilderness. In 1673 States, Hamilton Fish, Secretary of Intendant Talon, at Quebec, with the State; Samuel Nelson, associate-justice sanction of Governor Frontenac, selected of the United States Supreme Court; Joliet to find and ascertain the direcRobert C. Schenck, minister to England; tion of the course of the Mississippi and Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, late United its mouth. Starting from Mackinaw, in States Attorney-General; and George H. May, 1673, with Father Marquette and Williams, United States Senator from five other Frenchmen, they reached the Oregon. Queen Victoria appointed Mississippi June 17. They studied the George Frederick Samuel, Earl de Gray country on their route, made maps, and and Earl of Ripon; Sir Stratford Henry gained much information. After interNorthcote; Sir Edward Thornton, her course with Indians on the lower Missisminister at Washington; Sir Alexander sippi, near the mouth of the Arkansas, McDonald, of the privy council of Can- who had trafficked with Europeans, they ada, and attorney - general of that prov- were satisfied that the Mississippi ince; and Montague Bernard, Profess- emptied into the Gulf of Mexico, and or of International Law in Oxford Uni- made their way back to Green Bay, where versity. The commissioners first met in Joliet started alone for Quebec to report Washington, Feb. 27, 1871. Lord Tenter- to his superiors. His canoe was upset den, secretary of the British commission, in Lachine Rapids, above Montreal, and and J. C. Bancroft Davis, assistant Secre- his journals and charts were lost, but tary of State of the United States, were chosen clerks of the Joint High Commission. The commissioners of the United States were instructed to consider: (1) the fisheries; (2) the navigation of the St. Lawrence River; (3) reciprocal trade between the United States and the Dominion of Canada; (4) the Northwest water boundary and the island of San Juan; (5) the claims of the United States against Great Britain for compensation for injuries committed by Con

he wrote out his narrative from memory, which agreed, in essentials, with that of Marquette. Joliet afterwards went on an expedition to Hudson Bay, in the service of his King, and was rewarded by his sovereign with the appointment of hydrographer to his Majesty, and was favored with the seigniory of the island of Anticosti in 1680. La Salle's pretensions denied him the privilege of making explorations in the West. He died in Canada in May, 1700.

Jonathan, BROTHER, the name popularly applied to the United States, as JOHN BULL is to Great Britain; originated in Washington's humorous allusion to JONATHAN TRUMBULL (q. v.), governor of Connecticut, the only colonial governor who favored independence.

Joncaire, or Jonquière, JACQUES PIERRE DE TAFFANEL, MARQUIS DE LA, naval officer; born in La Jonquière, France, in 1686; entered the navy in 1698, and in 1703 was adjutant in the French army. He was a brave and skilful officer, and was in many battles. He became captain in the navy in 1736, and accompanied D'Anville in his expedition against Louisburg in 1745. In 1747 he was appointed governor of Canada, but, being captured by the British, he did not arrive until 1749. He died in Quebec, May 17, 1752.

Jones, CHARLES COLCOCK, clergyman; born in Liberty county, Ga., Dec. 20, 1804; received his theological training at Andover and Princeton Theological Seminaries; was ordained in the Presbyterian Church, and became active in the work of educating the negro race. His publications include Religious Instruction for Negroes in the Southern States; Suggestions on the Instruction of Negroes in the South; and a History of the Church of God. He died in Liberty county, Ga., March 16, 1863.

Jones, CHARLES COLCOCK, lawyer; born in Savannah, Ga., Oct. 28, 1831; graduated at Princeton in 1852; admitted to the bar of Georgia in 1856; during the Civil War he served as colonel of artillery. Among his historical works are Monumental Remains of Georgia; Historical Sketch of the Chatham Artillery; Life of Gen. Henry Lee; Commodore Josiah Tatnall; Jean Pierre Purry; Richard Henry Wilde; Siege of Savannah in 1779; De Soto and His March through Georgia, etc.

and entered the navy as a midshipman in 1799. He was an officer of the Philadelphia when she was captured at Tripoli. In 1810 he was made commander, and when the War of 1812-15 broke out he was in charge of the sloop-of-war Wasp, in which he gained a victory. He commanded the Macedonian, in Decatur's squadron, as post-captain. After the war he commanded the Mediterranean squadron; was a commissioner of the navy board; and governor of the naval asylum at Philadelphia. Congress voted him thanks and a gold medal and several States presented him with swords. He Jones, HORATIO GATES, lawyer; born died in Philadelphia, Aug. 3, 1850. in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 9, 1822; gradu- Jones, JAMES ATHEARN, author; born ated at the University of Pennsylvania in in Tisbury, Mass., June 4, 1790; received 1841; was admitted to the bar in 1847; a common school education, and engaged became connected with many historical in journalism in Philadelphia in 1826; societies. His publications include History later was editor in Baltimore, Md., and of Roxborough and Manayunk; Report of in Buffalo, N. Y. His publications inthe Committee of the Historical Society clude Traditions of the North American of Pennsylvania on the Bradford Bicen- Indians, or Tales of an Indian Camp; tenary; Andrew Bradford, Founder of the Letter to an English Gentleman on Eng

lish Libels of America; and Haverhill, commander the first salute ever given to or Memoirs of an Officer in the Army of Wolfe. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., in August, 1853.

Jones, JOHN MATHER, journalist; born in Bangor, North Wales, June 9, 1826; came to the United States in 1849; was the founder of the Welsh town of New Cambria, Mo., and also of Avonia, in Kansas. In 1865-74 he was the owner and publisher of The Mirror, the first Welsh newspaper established in the United States. He was the author of a History of the Rebellion (in Welsh). He died in Utica, N. Y., Dec. 21, 1874.

the American flag by a foreign man-of-war. In April he scaled the walls of Whitehaven, in England, on the borders of the Irish Sea, and spiked thirty-eight cannon.

In 1779, while cruising up and down the east coast of Scotland, between the Solway and the Clyde, he tried to capture the Earl of Selkirk, in order to secure a notable prisoner for exchange. He had been an early friend of Jones's father. His seat was at the mouth of the Dee.

Jones, JOHN PAUL, naval officer; born in Kirkbean, Scotland, July 6, 1747. Before he was eighteen years old he commanded a vessel that traded with the West Indies. Jones came to Virginia in 1773, inheriting the estate of his brother, who died there. Offering his services to Congress, he was made first lieutenant in the navy in December, 1775, when, out of gratitude to General Jones, of North Carolina, he assumed his name. Before that he was John Paul. He was a bold and skilful sea rover, gathering up many prizes. Made captain in the fall of 1776, he raised the first flag ever displayed on a United States ship-of-war the Alfred. He destroyed the Port Royal (N. S.) fisheries, capturing all the vessels and freight. In the summer of 1777 he Jones anchored his vessel, the Ransailed in the Ranger to Europe, and in ger, in the Solway at noon, and with February, 1778, received from a French a few men, in a single boat, he went to a

JOHN PAUL JONES.

wooded promontory on which the earl's tember, while Jones's squadron lay a few fine estate lay, where he learned that his leagues north of the mouth of the Humlordship was not at home. Disappointed, ber, he discovered the Baltic fleet of forty he ordered his men back to the boat, when his lieutenant, a large and fiery man, proposed to go to the mansion and plunder it of the family plate. Jones would not listen to the proposition, for the memory of old associations made his heart tender towards Lady Selkirk, who had been very kind to him. Again he ordered his men back, but they and the lieutenant, eager for prize-money, in defiance of his expostulations, went to the house and demanded the plate. The frightened Lady Selkirk surrendered it with her own hands. When the prizes of the Ranger

merchantmen (convoyed by the Serapis, a 44-gun ship, and the Countess of Scarborough, of twenty-two guns), stretching out from Flamborough Head. Jones signalled for a chase, and all but the Alliance, Captain Landais, obeyed. While the opposing war-ships were manoeuvring for advantage, night fell upon the scene. At seven o'clock in the evening of Sept. 23, 1779, one of the most desperate of recorded sea-fights began. The Bon Homme Richard and Serapis, Captain Pearson, came so close to each othe that their spars and rigging became entangled,

were sold Jones bought this plate, and sent it back to Lady Selkirk with a letter in which he expressed his regret because of the annoyance she had suffered.

and Jones attempted to board his antagonist. A short contest with pike, pistol, and cutlass ensued, and Jones was repulsed. The vessels separated, and were soon placed broadside to broadside, so close that the muzzles of their guns touched each other. Both vessels were dreadfully shattered; and, at one time, the Serapis was on fire in a dozen places. Just as the moon rose, at half-past nine o'clock, the Richard, too, caught fire. A terrific hand-to-hand fight now ensued. Jones's ship, terribly damaged, could not float much longer. The flames were When it ceased, he cruised along creeping up the rigging of the Serapis, the Scottish coast, capturing many prizes and by their light Jones saw that his and producing great alarm. Late in Sep- double-headed shot had cut the mainmast

During the spring and summer of 1779, American cruisers were very active, both in American and European waters. At the middle of August Jones was sent out from the French port of L'Orient, with five vessels, to the coast of Scotland. His flag-ship was the Bon Homme Richard. As he was about to strike some armed British vessels in the harbor of Leith a storm arose, which drove him into the North Sea.