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XXVI. The Union versus the Confederacy. .407 Organization of the Confederacy-Jefferson Davis chosen President, and Alex. H. Stephens Vice-President-Davis's Inaugural-Stephens's 'corner-stone' speech-Mr. Lincoln's journey to Washington-Speeches-Inaugural.

XXVII. The Pause before the Shock......428 The two Cabinets-Attempts to Negotiate by Forsyth and Crawford-Repelled by Gov. Seward-Judge Campbell's Statement-Northern proposals to join the Confederacy-Society for the promotion of National Unity.

XXVIII. Siege and Reduction of Ft. Sumter 440

Hesitation-Futile Negotiations-Attempt to
provision-Order to open fire-Bombardment
commenced-Fire returned-Interior of the fort
in flames-Wigfall's volunteer embassy-Ander-
son surrenders-Garrison leaves for New York-
Dixie jubilant.

XXIX. The Nation called to arms-and

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Virginia sends Envoys to Washington-The
President's response to them-He calls for
75,000 Militia-Comments of the Press-Re-
sponse of the Border State Governors-Balti-
more in a ferment-Attack on the 6th Massachu-
setts-Do. on Pennsylvanians-The Rebels up-
permost Railroads and telegraphs broken up-
Mayor Brown and the Young Christians visit
Washington to demand that no more Northern
troops enter Baltimore-Their success-General
Butler lands at Annapolis and recovers Mary-
land-Her traitorous Legislature.

XXX. Secession resumes its march......473
Shameful surrender of the Norfolk Navy Yard-
Secession of Virginia-Tennessee-North Caro-
lina--Arkansas-Missouri-Blair and Lyon rally
a Union force at St. Louis-Kentucky.

XXXI. The Opposing Forces in conflict...497
Davis's first Message-Relative strength of the
North and the South-European opinion-
Slavery-Cotton-Military training Army
Officers-Northern sympathy with the South'
-The heart of the People for the old flag and
their whole country.

PAGE

XXXII. West Virginia clings to the Union 516

Convention called-State organization effected
-McClellan advances-Fight at Rich Moun-
tain-Rebel rout at Carrick's Ford-Union Re-
pulse at Scarytown-Surprise at Cross Lanes--
Carnifex Ferry-Guyandotte-Romney-Alle-
ghany Summit-Huntersville.

XXXIII. The War in Old Virginia........528
Ft. Monroe-Great Bethel-Alexandria occu-
pied-Vienna-Patterson's advance-His flank
movement to Charlestown-Johnston rushes to
Manassas-Gen. Sanford's testimony-McDow-
ell advances to Centerville-Blackburn's Ford
-Bull Run-Union defeat and flight-Causes
thereof Gen. Scott's plan-Criticised by Hon.
F. P. Blair-Consequences of our failure.

XXXIV. First session of the 37th Congress 553
Organization of the House-Mr. Lincoln's first
Message-Various propositions-Henry May's
visit to Richmond-Conservative Republicans
on Slavery and the Union-Mr. Crittenden's
resolve-Proposals to Compromise-Confisca-
tion of Slaves used to promote the Rebellion-
The President's acts approved-Adjournment.

XXXV. Rebellion and War in Missouri. 572
State preparations to aid the Rebellion-Flight
of Jackson from Jefferson City-Fight at
Booneville-Camp Cole-State Convention--
Jackson's Proclamation of War-Dug Springs
-Battle of Wilson's Creek-Death of Lyon-
Fremont in command-Letter to the President
-Proclaims Martial Law-Mulligan besieged
at Lexington-Surrenders - Price retreats-
Fremont pursues-Zagonyi's Charge at Spring-
field-Fremont superseded-Halleck in com-
mand-Battle of Belmont.

XXXVI. War on the Seaboard and Ocean.597
The Privateer Savannah-The Petrel-Fort
Hatteras-Pensacola and Pickens-The Sum-
ter-Hollins's Ram exploit-Dupont and Sher-
man's Expedition-Capture of Port Royal-
The Trent Case-Surrender of Mason and Sli-
dell.

XXXVII. Kentucky adheres to the Union.608 Politicians Elections-Overwhelming Union majorities-Magoffin's neutrality-The President's response-Rebel Invasion-Legislature protests-Gen. Grant occupies Paducah--Zollicoffer at Wild Cat-Nelson at PiketonSchoepf's Retreat-Rebel Government organized at Russellville-Geo. W. Johnson made Governor-Kentucky gravely admitted into the Southern Confederacy-Full delegation sent to the Congress at Richmond-Richard Hawes finally declared Governor.

XXXVIII. The Potomac-Ball's Bluff......618 Scott a failure-Gen. McClellan called to Washington-Brings Order out of ChaosGreat increase of our Army-No advanceBall's Bluff-Dranesville-All Quiet'-The Hutchinsons expelled-Whittier's Lyric.

Appended Notes..

I. The Synod of Kentucky and Slavery. II. New School Presbyterians condemn the institution. III. The Albany Evening Journal on Gov. Seward and Judge Campbell. IV. Jere. Clemens on Alabama secession-the Rebels feared delay. V. The confidence of the Rebels -Russell on the capture of Washington. VI. The North Carolina Convention-an error corrected.

ANALYTICAL INDEX....

.631

...633

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59. Rear-Adm'l ANDREW H. FOOTE 608 65. Commodore CHARLES WILKES. 608

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ILLUSTRATIONS-CONTINUED.

TEXAS AS SHE WAS, AND AS SHE CLAIMED TO BE

VIEW OF HARPER'S FERRY.

VIEW IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY.

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BATTLE-FIELD OF WILSON'S CREEK, NEAR SPRINGFIELD, Mo.

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SINKING OF THE PETREL BY THE ST. LAWRENCE
FORT PICKENS-SANTA ROSA ISLAND-PENSACOLA.
HILTON HEAD-REDUCTION OF FORT BEAUREGARD
BATTLE-FIELD OF BALL'S BLUFF-HARRISON ISLAND, ETC.
BATTLE-FIELD OF DRANESVILLE, VIRGINIA

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. 601

. 604

620

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THE AMERICAN CONFLICT.

I.

OUR COUNTRY.

THE United States of America, | ed two or three hundred miles westwhose independence, won on the battle-fields of the Revolution, was tardily and reluctantly conceded by Great Britain on the 30th of November, 1782, contained at that time a population of a little less than Three Millions, of whom half a million were slaves. This population was mainly settled upon and around the bays, harbors, and inlets, which irregularly indent the western shore of the Atlantic Ocean, for a distance of about a thousand miles, from the mouth of the Penobscot to that of the Altamaha. The extent of the settlements inland from the coast may have averaged a hundred miles, although there were many points at which the primitive forest still looked off upon the broad expanse of the ocean. Nominally, and as distinguished from those of other civilized nations, the territories of the Confederation stretched westward to the Mississippi, and northward, as now, to the Great Lakes, giving a total area of a little more than eight hundred thousand square miles. At several inviting localities, the "clearings" were push

ward, to the bases and more fertile valleys of the eastern slope of the Alleghanies; and there were three or four settlements quite beyond that formidable but not impassable barrier, mainly in that portion of Virginia which is now the State of Kentucky. But, in the absence of steam, of canals, and even of tolerable highways, and with the mouth of the Mississippi held and sealed by a jealous and not very friendly foreign power, the fertile valleys of the Illinois, the Wabash, and even of the Ohio itself, were scarcely habitable for civilized communities. No staple that their pioneer population would be likely, for many years, to produce, could be sold on the sea-board for the cost of its transportation, even from the site whereon Cincinnati has since. been founded and built, much less from that of Indianapolis or Chicago. The delicate, costly fabrics of Europe, and even of Asia, could be transferred to the newest and most inland settlement for a small fraction of the price at which they would there be eagerly bought; but when the few

coins which the settlers had taken | ed, desolating Revolutionary strug

with them in their journey of emigration had been exhausted, there was nothing left wherewith to pay for these costly luxuries; and debt, embarrassment, bankruptcy, were the inevitable results. A people clothed in skins, living on the products of the chase and the spontaneous abundance of nature, might maintain existence and a rude social organization amid the forests and on the prairies of the Great Valley; any other must have experienced striking alternations of factitious prosperity and universal distress; seeing its villages and commercial depots rise, flourish, and decay, after the manner of Jonah's gourd, and its rural population constantly hunted by debt and disaster to new and still newer locations. The Great West of to-day owes its unequaled growth and progress, its population, productiveness, and wealth, primarily, to the framers of the Federal Constitution, by which its development was rendered possible; but more immediately and palpably to the sagacity and statesmanship of Jefferson, the purchaser of Louisiana; to the genius of Fitch and Fulton, the projector and achiever, respectively, of steam-navigation; to De Witt Clinton, the early, unswerving, and successful champion of artificial inland navigation; and to Henry Clay, the eminent, eloquent, and effective champion of the diversification of our National Industry through the Protection of Home Manufactures.

The difficulties which surrounded the infancy and impeded the growth of the thirteen original or Atlantic States, were less formidable, but kindred, and not less real. Our fathers emerged from their arduous, protract

gle, rich, indeed, in hope, but poor in worldly goods. Their country had, for seven years, been traversed and wasted by contending armies, almost from end to end. Cities and villages had been laid in ashes. Habitations had been deserted and left to decay. Farms, stripped of their fences, and deserted by their owners, had for years produced only weeds. Camp fevers, with the hardships and privations of war, had destroyed many more than the sword; and all alike had been subtracted from the most effective and valuable part of a population, always, as yet, quite inadequate. Cripples and invalids, melancholy mementoes of the yet recent struggle, abounded in every village and township. Habits of industry had been unsettled and destroyed by the anxieties and uncertainties of war. The gold and silver of anterevolutionary days had crossed the ocean in exchange for arms and munitions. The Continental paper, which for a time more than supplied (in volume) its place, had become utterly worthless. In the absence of a tariff, which the Confederate Congress lacked power to impose, our ports, immediately after peace, were glutted with foreign luxuries—gewgaws which our people were eager enough to buy, but for which they soon found themselves utterly unable to pay. They were almost exclusively an agricultural people, and their products, save only Tobacco and Indigo, were not wanted by the Old World, and found but a very restricted and inconsiderable market even in the West Indies, whose trade was closely monopolized by the nations to which they respectively belonged.

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