"No man hath seen God at any time: the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him." The incarnation of the eternal Logos is again affirmed by John in the first verse of his first epistle: "That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled of the word of life."

Such are the more important passages in the Old Testament, in the Apocrypha, in the Targums, and in the New Testament, bearing upon the doctrine of the Trinity, as developed during the first three Christian centuries. If they do not justify that development, we do not see how it could be justified by any thing short of the actual occurrence of the word Trinity in the Scriptures.

12

(To be continued.)

Theological and Literary Intelligence.

TISCHENDORF'S Sinai Codex. The Studien und Kritiken, Heft 4, 1860, has more particular accounts of this remarkable Codex than have elsewhere been published. It was first discovered, 1845, by the Archimandrite Porphyry, and described in his Russian Travels, 1856. Tischendorf has vindicated its high antiquity. The general character of the Ms. can be seen in the Codex Friderico Augustanus, as published by Tischendorf in fac-simile, 1846; it is one of the oldest uncials, but more regular than the Vatican Ms. -between the Vatican and the Alexandrine Codex (A). The higher age of the Sinai Codex is supposed to be indicated in the fact that the initial letters of the divisions, though in the margin, are not larger than the rest, nor in any way ornamented. There are neither accents nor breathings, and but few points. The material, like the Vatican Codex, is a costly parchmentsuch as even Origen did not use,-mentioned only after the persecutions. The Ms. then, it is inferred, cannot be before 311, nor yet much later. Three is no division of the Gospels into chapters in the original writing, either of this or of the Vatican; the only two MSS. in which this fails. A later hand (different ink) has added them in the Sinai Codex as far as the middle of Luke. As Eusebius introduced these divisions into chapters, and as they were soon generally adopted, it is inferred that this Ms. must have been written before his time. Other circumstances, pointing to the same conclusion, are the facts that this Ms. puts the Epistle of Barnabas and a part of the Shepherd of Hermas after the Apocalypse, as if they were canonical, which Eusebius denies (Eccl. Hist. III, 25); and that it puts the Acts of the Apostles between the Pauline and the General Epistles; while Eusebius classifies them before the Pauline. The Vatican мs. has the order: the Acts, the General Epistles, and then the Pauline; and this is the order assigned by Athanasius and the Council of Laodicea.

That both the Vatican and Sinai Codices are of Egyptian origin, is argued from the interchange of I and EI, etc. Among the important contributions to textual criticism are the following: In Ephesus is wanting at the beginning of the Epistle to the Ephesians-as in the Vatican; and Basil testifies that it failed in the codices of his time (about 370). The passage about the three heavenly witnesses (1 John v, 7), is also wanting; as is also the account of the adulteress (John vii, 53 to viii, 11); and the whole of the close of Mark's Gospel (Mark xvi, 9-20). In 1 Tim. iii, 16, it reads, "who" instead of God; this is probably the oldest testimony extant-the pastoral epistles not being in the Vatican Codex. The Vatican Codex also lacks the Apocalypse and the close of the Epistle to the Hebrews, which are contained in this Sinai Ms. The writer of the article in the Studien und Kritiken

proposes a new edition on the basis of these two with the aid of Origen; "for above all the strife of parties and personal interests, must every theologian value the purity of the word of God."

The publication of the complete Sinaitic Codex, will be in 1862; but meanwhile a full account of it, by Prof. Tischendorf, has been published by Brockhaus of Leipzic, viz. Notitia Editionis Codicis Bibliorum Sinaitici, Auspiciis Imperatoris Alexandri II susceptæ. Accedit Catalogus Codicum nuper ex Oriente Petropolin perlatorum; item Origenis Scholia in Proverbia Salomonis, partim nunc primum, partim secundum atque emendatius edita. Cum duabus Tabulis Lapidi incisis. 40,3 Thlr. 10 Ngr. The first part of this work will give an account of the discovery of the manuscript, its contents, and its claims to a high antiquity; a list of more than 600 important various readings in the New Test. ; 26 columns of the text of the Old Test., 134 of the New Test.; and also the whole of the text of Barnabas and Hermas. The second part will give an account of the other manuscripts, viz. 12 palimpsests in Greek, Syriac, Arabic, Slavic, etc.; 20 Greek manuscripts, several of them being uncials; and 60 other works in various languages. One of these, from the 9th century, makes important additions to the Hexapla. There is also a Greek-Egyptian astrolabe of a unique character. The third part will contain extracts from other manuscripts, examined in the East, but not brought back. One of these fills up a gap in the 12th Book of the Histories of Diodorus Siculus; another contains Origen's Scholia to the Proverbs of Solomon.

A. Theiner is continuing his publication of works from the Vatican treasures. He has just published at Rome, in folio (price $20), Vetera Monumenta Poloniæ et Lithuania Gentiumque finitarum Historiam illustrantia,

etc.

The Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries held its annual meeting at Copenhagen in May. Among its publications during the last year, presented by the Secretary, Prof. C. C. Rafn, are a new volume of the Annals of Northern Archaeology and History, with remarks on Beowolf and on the name of Lodbrok among the Anglo-Saxons, by Fred. Schiern; on the Sanskrit root is the verb Vera by L. Warming; the Elucidarius in Icelandic by Conrad Gislason; Historical Notices of Bishop Linderich and Archbishop Unne of Bremen, by Koerigsfeldt, etc. Some specimens of vernacular Esquimaux literature from Greenland were presented by Henry J. Rink. The remaining part of the Lexicon Poeticum Antiquæ Linguæ Septentrionalis, by the late Sveinbiorn Egilsson will soon be issued, as also another volume of the Mémoires des Antiquaires du Nord.

Various conjectures have been made as to the time when artillery were first used; a common date has been the siege of Chioggia, 1379. Froissart mentions cannon at the siege of Quesnoy, 1310. M. Lacabave found documents in the archives of Florence which spoke of cannon as in use in 1326. M. Lorédan Larchdy in the May number of the Revue Européene shows that they were used in defence of Metz in 1324, when that city was besieged by the king of Bohemia.

Blackwood's Magazine for September contains an article on the flint instruments found at Abbeville, France, supposed to indicate a high antiquity for the race. He visited the gravel-pits of Abbeville and Amiens last August, and closes a careful review of the whole question with the following summary of his conclusions:

"1. To the question, Are the so-called flint implements of human workmanship, or the result of physical agencies? my reply is, They bear unmistakably the indications of having been shaped by the skill of man.

"2. To the inquiry, Does the mere association in the same deposit of the flint implements and the bones of extinct quadrupeds prove that the artificers of the flint tools and the animals coëxisted in time? I answer, That mere juxtaposition, of itself, is no evidence of contemporaneity, and that upon the testimony of the fossil bones the age of the human relics is not proven.

"3. To the query, What is the antiquity of the Mammalian bones with which flint implements are associated? my answer is, That, apart from their mixture with the recently-discovered vestiges of an early race of men, these fossils exhibit no independent marks by which we can relate them to human time at all. The age of the Diluvium which embeds the remains of the extinct Mammalian animals must now be viewed as doubly uncertaindoubtful from the uncertainty of its coïncidence with the age of flint implements and again doubtful, even if this coïncidence were established, from the absence of any link of connection between those earliest traces of man and his historic ages." 66 Upon the special question involved in this general query, What time must it have required for the physical geography adapted to the Pachyderms of the antedilvuian period to have altered into that now prevailing, suited to wholly different races? the geological world is divided between two schools of interpretation-the Tranquillists, who recognize chiefly nature's gentler forces and slower mutations, and the Paroxysmists, who appeal to her violent subterranean energies and her more active surface changes."

"4. To the last interrogation, How far are we entitled to impute a high antiquity to these earliest physical records of mankind from the nature of the containing and overlying sedimentary deposits? my response again is, that as the two schools of geologists now named differ widely in their translation into geologic time of all phenomena of the kind here described, this question, like the preceding, does not admit, in the present state of the science, of a specific and quantitative answer.

"In conclusion, then, of the whole inquiry, condensing into one expression my answer to the general question, Whether a remote pre-historic antiquity for the human race has been established from the recent discovery of speci mens of man's handiwork in the so-called Diluvium? I maintain it is not proven, by no means asserting that it can be disproved, but insisting simply that it remains not proven."

The Swiss savans are also now engaged in a discussion concerning the extent of the period during which the human species has existed. M. Collomb admits that man had an existence before the oldest glaciers, and was a cotemporary of the mammoth. M. Lastet seeks to prove that a great portion

of the animal world, including man, survived all the changes of the quaternary or diluvian period. M. Gaudin, a noted botanist, subscribes to this view, and strengthens it by a comparison with the vegetable world. M. Pictet asserts that the zoological population of the globe was not modified in the change from the diluvian to the modern period.

Chowlson's Remains of Ancient Babylonian Literature, from Arabic translations, are noticed by many of the foreign journals as containing valuable and new materials proving the high state of culture in Babylon in early times. These Arabic translations, ascribed to Abu Beker, date probably from about the tenth century. The dissertations are on Nabatean agriculture -a minute account showing some scientific knowledge; on poisons-prov ing that toxicology was well known; on astronomy and geology, by Tenke lusha, who probably lived in the first century of the Christian era, but used old Chaldean documents. There is also a fragment from "The Book of the Mysteries of the Sun and the Moon," in which it is maintained, among other

things, that man may not only make precious metals, but even animal and vegetable organizations. In the first of these treatises a Canaanitish invasion of Babylon is spoken of; Nemroda (Nimrod) being its leader. Chowlson supposes this to be the Nimrod of the Bible-which would bring him down to a much later period than that usually assigned.

GREECE.

Spyridon Zampelios, a historian who has devoted his studies chiefly to the history of the Byzantine Empire in the middle ages, has published at Athens a small work on the Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia, in 1589, when Job, previously metropolitan of Moscow, was elevated to the patriarchate, with the participation of Jeremiah patriarch of Constantinople, and the two archbishops, Hierotheos of Monembasia, and Arsenius of Alassona; a poem, written by the latter, to celebrate the event, is also given in this work. The translation of Karamsin's History of Russia into modern Greek by Krokidas is completed, in 12 volumes; published at Athens.

Gersdorf's Repertory says that Korais's remark, "it is better to burn Greek grammars up than to write them," also applies in part to the work Esquisses d'une grammaire du grec actuel, par R..., published at Athens.

DENMARK.

The statue of Oehlenschläger, the Danish dramatist, is to be erected at Copenhagen this summer.

John Louis Heiberg died at Ringster Aug. 25, 1860, at the age of 69. He was one of the few Danes who adopted the system of Hegel, and was also distinguished as a poet. His dramas have been translated into German.

Prof. A. S. Oersted died at Copenhagen May 1. He was the brother of the famous naturalist, and besides being a high officer of State, he wrote several important works on legal and historical subjects. Three volumes of his Treatises on Ethics and Jurisprudence were translated into German.

HOLLAND.

The well-known Dutch poet and evangelical author, Isaac Da Costa, died in Amsterdam in May. He was born in 1798, of Jewish parents, and became a Christian in 1820. He published a volume of Dramatic and Lyric Poems in 1819; another in 1822; another in 1826. He translated portion of the works of Eschylus, Ovid, Camoens, Lamartine, and others. He also wrote on Prince Maurice and Oldenbarneveld, in 1825; a work on Paul, in 1847; one on Israel and the Nations, 1848. His work on the Four Witnesses was translated into English, and reprinted in New York.

In the budget of Holland for the next year, 4000 florins are put down for the encouragement of learning and science. A general dictionary of the Datch language, and a work containing a description of all the insects in the country, and the best means of destroying them, being among the objects contemplated.

The premium book of Rev. Dr. Fish, "Primitive Piety Revived," published by the Congregational Board of Boston, has been translated into the