Spring Latch-A' spring or automatic switch.

Spud-A nail with a hole in the head driven into the mine timbers, or into a wooden plug fitted into the roof or floor to mark a surveying station.

Squeeze-A general settling down of the rocks overlying a mine or portion of a mine. See Crush.

Stall-See Breast.

Station-See Pump Station; also Bob-station, etc. Starter-The miner who ascends to the battery to start the coal to run. Steamboat Coal-In anthracite only; coal small enough to pass through bars set six to eight inches apart, but too large to pass through bars from three and one half to five inches. From this it will be seen that steamboat coal prepared at different collieries varies considerably in size. Comparatively few collieries make steamboat coal except to fill special contracts or orders. Stoop-and-Room-See Pillar-and-Breast.

Stop-Any cleat or beam to check the descent of a cage, car, pump-rods, etc.

Stopping-A brattice, or more commonly, a masonry or brick wall built across old headings, shutes, airways, etc., to confine the ventilating current to certain passages, and also to lock up the gas in old workings, and in some cases to smother a mine fire. Stove coal-In anthracite only; two sizes of stove coal are made,-Large and Small. Large Stove, known as No. 3, through a 21" to 2" mesh and over a 1" to 14" mesh; Small Stove, known as No. 4, passes through a 13" to 13" mesh and over a 13" to 1" mesh.

Stratum-Any bed or layer; plural Strata.

Strike-The direction of a horizontal line drawn in any bed or vein; its course.

Stripping-1. An open working; 2. Removing the soil or

débris on top of a bed preparatory to mining it by an open cut; 3. The earth so removed.

Stump-A small pillar of coal left between the gangway or airway and the breasts to protect these passages; any small pillar.

Stythe, Eng.-After-damp, choke-damp.

Sucker-rod-The pump-rod of an oil or artesian well.

Sulphur-1. Iron pyrites, bisulphide of iron; 2. Sulphurretted hydrogen, H2S.

applied to fire-damp.

Sometimes very improperly

Sump, (from the German Sumpf,)--An excavation in the coal or rock made below the gangway to collect the mine water. The gangway ditches or drains empty into it, and the pump draws the water from it.

Swamp-A local depression in a coal bed in which the water collects. Applied particularly in bituminous mining. Synclinal-An area in which the rocks incline away from

each other like the two legs of the letter V. (See Anticlinal.) Used synonomously with Basin.

Synclinal axis-The line or course of a synclinal as determined by tracing a line through the lowest points along any stratum. (See Anticlinal axis.) Tailing-The blossom, the outcrop or smut.

Telegraph-A trough-shaped shute for conveying coal or slate from the screens to the pockets.

Temper-screw-In rope drilling,-a screw for gradually lowering the clamped (upper) end of the rope as the hole is deepened.

Throw-1. A fault, a dislocation; 2. The amount of hor

izontal or vertical movement produced by a fault. Tip, Tipple-The place where cars are tipped or dumped ; the dump; a cradle-dump.

66

Top-The roof, the top coal, or top bench or benches ; on top," at the shaft or slope mouth, or on the surface. Train or Trip-The number of cars taken by one team of mules, by a locomotive, or run at once on a slope, plane, or sprag road.

Trapper-A door-tender.

Traveling-way-A passage used by the miners for ingress and egress.

Transfer carriage, platform, or truck-Used to transfer

mine cars.

Trip-See Train.

Trouble-A dislocation or fault; any irregularity in the

bed.

Truck-Used synonomously with Barney.

Tunnel-A horizontal passage driven across the measures and open to day at both ends; applied also to such passages open to day at only one end, or not open to day at either end.

Turn-"To turn a breast," meaning to open or commence to open a breast.

Underclay―The clay, usually fire-clay, underlying a coal bed.

Underholing, Undermining-To mine out a portion of the

bottom of a seam, by pick or powder, thus leaving the top unsupported and ready to be blown down by shots, broken down by wedges or mined with a pick or bar. Unwater-To drain or pump the water from a mine. Upcast-The opening or passage through which the air is taken out of a mine, the Out-take. The opposite of In-take and Down-cast. In-take and Out-take are generally applied to the mine airways; Down-cast and Up-cast to inclined or vertical airways open to the surface.

Vein This term is often applied to stratified beds, but its use should be restricted to mineral deposits filling fissures or crevices in the rock.

Viewer, Eng.-A colliery manager or superintendent.
Wagon-A mine car. See Car, Mine car.

Wagon breast-A breast in which the mine cars are taken up to the working face.

Washer-A jig.

Water Guage-An instrument to measure the ventilating pressure; the term is also used to denote the ventilating pressure in inches.

Water jacket-See Jacket. A jacket filled with water to cool the cylinder.

Waste-Gob; also the fine coal made in mining and preparing coal for market; culm; coal dirt; dirt; also used to signify both the mine waste (or coal left in the mine in pillars, etc.,) and the breaker waste.

Water-level-Any passage driven with just sufficient grade to be used as a water-way; also a drift or gangway driven at the lowest level possible to carry the water directly out of the mine, through a tunnel or otherwise. Well, Water-well-A sump, or a branch from the sump. Whim-See Gin and Horse-gin.

White-ash Coal-Coal leaving a white-ash.

White-damp-CO. Carbonic oxide. A gas that may be present in the after-damp, or in the gases given off by a mine fire. Rarely met with in mines under other cir

cumstances.

Win-To mine, to develop, to prepare for mining. Winding-Hoisting coal or ore with a rope wound on a drum; used synonomously with hoisting.

Wings-See Rests and Keeps.

Winning, Eng.-A colliery, a new opening, a portion of a seam ready for actual mining; sometimes the portion mined.

Winze-An inside shaft, or very steep slope.
Work-To mine.

Worked-out-Exhausted.
Workings-Any species of development; usually restricted
in meaning to apply to the breasts, etc., in contradis-
tinction to the gangways and airways, but often used
in a broader sense to mean all the underground devel-
opments.

Working face-See Face.

APPENDIX C.

Production and Distribution of Anthracite.

The following tables showing the production and distribution of anthracite coal are here reproduced from Miscellaneous Sheet No. III, lately published with the Panther Creek atlas.

The following notes also taken from the above-mentioned sheet will serve to explain the sub-division into districts:

"1. The Statistics prior to 1868 were collected and reported by Mr. P. W. Sheafer; since that date they have been compiled from official returns made regularly to Mr. J. H. Jones, Confidential Accountant of the Transporting Companies. 2. The Schuylkill Region includes the Western Middle Coal-field and Southern Coal-field east to Tamaqua.

3. The Lehigh Region includes the Southern Coal-field between Tamaqua and Mauch Creek and the Eastern Middle Coal-field.

4. The Wyoming Region embraces the Northern Coalfield.

5. No record has been made here of the production of soft Anthracite from the Loyalsock Coal-field.

6. The estimates given in these tables will be found to differ slightly from those reported by the Mine Inspectors." The tables show a total tonnage for the different districts as follows: