pediments or defects by the reorganization of the bar and the creation of an "official trial bar." Mr. Gray's criticism of the legal profession and his suggestion for its reformation did not meet with favor; indeed it created sharp antagonisms which, however, have since been removed to a large extent.

Early in its career as an influence for reform the California Bar Association endeavored to have the legislature increase the requirements and raise the standards for admission to the bar, adverted to above, by requiring the equivalent of a high school education, three years' study in a law school or office, the removal from the law schools of the privilege of having their students admitted to practice without examination; and the creation of a Board of Law Examiners charged with the examination of all applicants for admission to practice, so relieving the district courts of appeal for other and more important duties.

These recommendations were submitted to the legislature at four successive sessions and were each time refused enactment. At the 1917 session a bill was passed raising the requirements slightly and removing the law schools' "no examination" privilege; but the end sought of putting the education and training of lawyers on much the same plane as the training and examination of doctors, was not accomplished; however, it was a step in that direction.

At the 1914 convention of the California Bar Association at Oakland, a resolution was adopted committing the association to the education of lawyers after admission to the bar and suggesting to the local associations the advisability of providing means for such educational work.

The father of the resolution was Mr. Gray, who had been very successful in "visualizing practice" and "vitalizing decisions" in his work as an instructor at the Y. M. C. A. Law School. Under Mr. Gray's direction a "practice class" for education after admission was established at the Bar Association of San Francisco and conducted for upwards of two years with great benefit and satisfaction to those who attended.

Lack of interest on the part of the association and its Board of Governors in the development of the "practice class" work resulted in its abandonment as an association activity, but the work was continued independently and on a more comprehensive scale by the Bay District Inns of Court.

Another instrumentality that was expected to play a definite

and leading part in the education of the young lawyer before admission to the bar, was the Legal Aid Society, organized in San Francisco in May, 1916, but the society has not as yet measured up to the height of its possibilities in that regard. It had been expected that the Legal Aid Society, which in effect is a legal clinic, would stand in the same relation to the legal profession as does the hospital or free clinic to the medical fraternity, by providing means of practical education for the undergraduate.

The founders had in mind the success of such a movement in Minneapolis where the Legal Aid Society, working in conjunction with the bar association and the associated charities, provides the senior students of the University of Minnesota Law School with an opportunity for practical work in the handling of the cases of poor litigants who come to the society for redress of their wrongs. To that end the assistance and interest of the heads of the nearby law schools was enlisted in the organization of the Legal Aid Society, but as yet no steps have been taken to make the Legal Aid Society perform its logical function in an educational way.

Perhaps this will come in time-the society is a little over a year old-but it does seem as though a splendid opportunity for practical service to the legal profession as well as to the public is being neglected in not providing for student coöperation in this work on a scale that will be of practical benefit to embryo lawyers. Not that some use has not been made of law school students, but the work of practical instruction of students has not, as yet, been thoroughly coördinated with that of the society.

III. THE LAWYER'S OBLIGATION

It is axiomatic that the courts were made for the people and not the people for the courts. As lawyers are officers of the courts, it follows that, in every scheme for the improvement of the administration of justice, the improvement of the lawyer, ethically and educationally, plays a large part. In fact procedural reform, judicial organization and legal education are parts of a problem and must progress together. The lawyer is the vital element in all three phases, and the better fitted he is educationally to cope with the situation, the sooner will the problem be properly solved.

It follows then, as a natural corollary, that the bar, realizing its function and its obligation to maintain the rights of the people and to uphold the law, must, if it would have its profession con

tinue in its high estate, see to it that the neophytes are not only grounded in the fundamental principles of law, but that they should be furnished with the opportunity to apply those principles through the medium of undergraduate and postgraduate clinical work with the Legal Aid Society, work that will give them an insight into social conditions and problems, coupled, for graduate students, with a well-rounded educational course after admission that will develop their powers of reasoning and observation, and so fit them to undertake their life's vocation, not as fledgelings merely, but fully panoplied in the knowledge of their work and its meaning and of the obligations of service that should be the first consideration of "an officer of the court."

This obligation of service goes not only to legal education for the development of the profession, but to the organization of courts and their methods of work.

The education of the lawyer should be so directed that he will be able to shake off the laissez faire doctrine of older days and be willing to reform and even to "junk" judicial systems when they demonstrate their inability to cope with present conditions. The lawyer must be as ready as the captain of industry to discard old methods and old machinery for new ideas and processes that will fit the needs of the times.

It is not out of place in this connection to quote again from the talk of Mr. Justice Sloss, referred to above:

Probably it has been a mistake to try to tinker with the old machine when as a matter of fact the state may need an entirely new machine. . . . . I offer no speculative remedies; the only point I desire to make in connection with such a situation is that we must go at reform in a far more radical, a larger and more constructive manner, if we expect to accomplish substantial results.

This appears to be the keynote-the crux of the whole situation; upon such a foundation only is progress built.

The problem is cognizable; the solution lies in so coördinating the activities of those who prepare, administer, interpret and apply the law, both in their preparation for that work and in the work itself, that we shall be able, with clear seeing eyes and determining minds to go forward toward better and greater things.

Will the older lawyers take the lead in finding the solution of the problem, or must appeal be made to Caesar, the young man in the law school, the sincere student of the law, both before and after his admission to practice, to come, to realize and to bring relief?

BOOK DEPARTMENT

THE BUSINESS MAN'S LIBRARY

ACCOUNTING, AUDITING AND COST KEEPING

LARSON, CARL W. Milk Production Cost Accounts: Principles and Methods. Pp. xv, 60. Price, 75 cents. New York: Columbia University Press, 1916. A critical analysis of the cost elements in producing milk together with an accounting basis for pre-calculating such costs. Costs of feed, labor, buildings, cattle, bedding, sire and miscellaneous expenses and credits for calves, milk and manure are discussed with exactness. This is the best book in the field.

C. L. K. WOODS, CLINTON E. Unified Accounting Methods for Industrials. Pp. xvi, 484. Price, $5.00. New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1917.

It is difficult to criticise a work of this kind; there are many points on which the reviewer would like to take issue with the author but he is deterred from doing so by the thought that perhaps the scope and purpose of the volume have not allowed a full discussion of some controverted subjects. That may be another way of saying that the book is somewhat misleading in some of its statements and is therefore not a safe guide in the hands of a beginner. This is undoubtedly accounted for by the intensely practical purpose of the book. It presents a wellthought-out, elaborately developed system of records and methods of record keeping adapted to manufacturing enterprises. So far as it is possible, the system presented is standardized or unified so as to be applicable, fundamentally at least, to all factories. Therein lies also its greatest weakness. Because of his practical purpose, the author does not stop to discuss variations from the standard which may be necessary to fit particular conditions, nor does he indicate that there may be in some cases other equally good ways of doing things.

Good judgment has been shown in the illustrative forms, those being chosen which are of most general application.

Mr. Woods writes from the standpoint of the industrial engineer rather than of the accountant, which is responsible for the short dismissal of some points which could profitably be treated with greater fullness.

Some of the topics ably presented are: analyzing an industrial manager's monthly balance sheet; purchasing and receiving; general stores; preparation for the handling of production; schedules; converting labor, material, and expense into finished product; controlling accounts; taking the inventory, etc. The book takes cognizance of the broad problems of organization, handling labor, relation of investment in plant to market possibilities, the attitude of the stockholder, etc., rather than those of the narrower field of cost accounting. As stated in the pref. ace, it provides a set of working rules for the application of the principles enun ciated sufficiently definite to be used by the manager, engineer, or accountant.

The volume is full of practical suggestions and should prove a valuable guide and reference manual.

Columbia University.

ADVERTISING AND SALESMANSHIP

R. B. KESTER.

FRENCH, GEORGE. How to Advertise. Pp. xviii, 279. Price, $2.00. New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1917.

This book is an excellent application to the field of advertising of the principles of art, optics, ethics and psychology. Mr. French has injected the spirit of advertising without waste into every page. He makes the reader feel that advertising has reached a stage of development where its recognition as a significant factor in an economic program is to be justified accordingly as selling results are obtained in accord with the principles of science and art. Students of advertising cannot but be imbued with the necessity and importance of a high critical standard in the development of more intelligent advertising. This book is to be classified as one in which the general principles involved in the physical factors of successful advertising are discussed rather than as an exposition of advertising campaigns. Its general spirit is to develop the critical factor of the advertiser himself. The book will have a worthy place in every business man's library.

H. W. H.

MAHIN, JOHN LEE. Advertising: Selling the Consumer. Pp. xxvi, 298. Price, $2.00. New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1916.

The author reviews the economic and social factors related to selling. He emphasizes the mediums and English of advertising rather than purely psychological principles. The power of personal salemanship and the need of individual initiative are shown in relation to middleman and consumer. The present business organization from producer to distributor is seen to be that of profit yielding according as the group spirit is understood by the advertiser in telling his message.

This book is one of the few dynamic advertising books in the field at the present time.

H. W. H.

BANKING INVESTMENTS AND FINANCE

BABSON, ROGER W. Business Barometers used in the Accumulation of Money• Pp. 425. Price, $2.00. Wellesley Hills: Babson's Statistical Organization, 1916.

This is the ninth edition of a work intended to explain the author's conception of the statistical method to be followed in arriving at a numerical measure of prosperity and depression in trade and business, and to demonstrate the practiability of applying the results thus attained to the achievement of success in merchandising, banking and investment.