who pursue their prey with the large fpecies of greyhound, very common in the Crimea; or with falcons and hawks. "The language and writing of the real Tartars differ little from thofe of the Turks; and the dialect of the mountaineers, who are fubject to the Turkish dominion, bears a ftill greater analogy to that of their masters on the contrary, the tongue of the Nagays deviates more remarkably; as they have retained numerous Mongolian phrafes, and make use of an ancient mode of writing, likewife mixed with the latter, and called Shagaltai. It is worthy of notice, that, in confequence of their long and intimate connection with the Genoefe, many words of that language have been incorporated with the Tartar tongue, efpecially at Kaffa; while the Genocfe have admitted into their dialect fome Tartar and Greek expreffions; as may be feen from the following examples: GENOESE. TARTAR. GENOESE. Ciaffio, Ciaffer, Giaccami, Giaccato, } Giattar, Tappa, TARTAR. A heretic, faithlefs, A cork. A hoe, A light-houfe. Dfhyava, Tappo, Sappa, Fanà, Cieuve, Bari, It rains. A finall cafk, or barrel. "Several Greek words have alfo been incorporated with the Ge ncefe language, and a ftill greater number with that of the Tartars, in which fome traces of the Mongolian may be clearly diftinguished; but not the fmalleft veftiges of the Gothic are perceptible in the different Tartar dialects: and the narrative of BUSBEK, relative to a remnant of the ancient Goths exifting among the Crim-Tartars, could only have arifen from the circumftance of fome German, Swedish, and Livonian captives having been found in the Crimea. In like manner, Lefguis, Perfians, and Georgians may at prefent be discovered in that country. Thus alfo Germans, and natives of other regions, were among the late Kozaks of Saporogi, though without ever being confidered as remnants of thofe nations: nor is there throughout CrimTartary a fingle name of a river, valley, mountain, or place, in which any Gothic word can be traced; whereas many Greek names are ftill extant. "The food of the Crimean Tartars is rather artificial for fo unpolished a nation. When the higher claffes give entertainments, numerous fimple and made dishes are fet out, befide a defert of fruit. Among the most efteemed delicacies are, forced meat-balls wrapped in green vine or forrel leaves, and called Sarma; various fruits, as cucumbers, quinces, or apples, filled with minced meat, Dolma; stuffed cucumbers; dishes of melons, Badilhan, and Hibifcus efculentus, or Bamia, prepared in various ways with fpices or faffron; all of which are ferved up with rice; alfo Pelaw, or rice, boiled in meat-broth, till it becomes dry; fat mutton and lamb, both boiled and roafted, &c. Colt's flesh is likewife confidered as a dainty; but horse-flesh is more commonly eaten by the Nagays, who are ftill attached to their ancient cuítom. The Tartars rarely kill horned cattle: mutton and goat's flesh conftitute the food of the common people, especially in the country, together with preparations of milk and eggs; butter (which they churn and preferve in the dry ftomachs of oxen); a kind of pelaw, made either of dryed or bruifed unripe wheat, and which they call Bulgur; and, laftly, their bread is generally compofed of mixed grain. Their ordinary beverage is made by triturating and diffolving cheese in water; the former of which is called Yafma, being prepared from coagulated milk, or Yugurt; but the fashionable intoxicating drink is an ill-tafted and very itrong beer, or Bufà, brewed of ground millet. Many perfons alfo drink a fpirituous liquor, Arraki, which the Tartar mountaineers diftil from various kinds of fruit, particularly plums. It is alfo extracted from floes, dog-berries, elder-berries, and wild grapes, but never from the common cherry. They likewife boil the expreffed juice of apples and pears into a kind of marmalade, Bekmefs, of the confiftence of a fyrup, or that of grapes into Nardenk, as it is called; the latter preparation is a favourite delicacy, and eagerly purchased by the Tartars of the Steppes: hence great quantities of it are imported in deal cafks from Anatolia, at a very cheap rate, for the purpose of converting it into brandy. "In confequence of their temperate, fimple, and careless mode of living; the warm clothing which they wear throughout the fummer; and the little fatigue they undergo, the Tartars are subject to few difeafes; and are in general exempt from the fevere intermittent and bilious remittent fevers, which commonly attack and prove fatal to foreigners and new fettlers in the Crimea. Many natives arrive at a vigorous old age; nor do any diforders prevail among them, except the itch arifing from floth or infection, and rheumatic complaints: the latter may be attributed to their apartments being too much exposed to the current of air, having wooden lattices inftead of windows, and large open chimnies. The chambers of the opulent are furnished with elevated divans; but thofe of the common people are fupplied with matraffes and cushions, ftuffed with cotton; and which are difpofed on the floor around the room, clofe to the walls: they are ufed both as feats and couches, and are infefted with fleas, bugs, and other vermin. The true leprofy, which the Ural-Kozaks term the Crimean Disease, never occurs in Crim-Tartary." P. 354. A concluding Chapter defcribes the traveller's return from the Crimea to Petersburgh; he proceeded from Perekop to Olefhki, which is defcribed, as well as the villages on the banks of the Dniepr; from Olefhki we next go to Kherfon, thence to Nicolaef, Elifabet-grad, Krementfhuk, &c. Twenty-feven plates, fourteen vignettes, and three maps, illuftrative of the different routes purfued by M. Pallas, and which were promised in the preceding volume of thefe Travels, accompany and adorn the publication; which may be confidered as a very valuable acceffion to literature, and worthy of the long-eflablifhed reputation of the writer. We regret to hear, that any caufes of difquietude fhould embitter the declining days of an individual who has deferved fo well of fociety and his country; but fuch is the lot of humanity, to which, as repining and refiflance are alike vain and ufelefs, it becomes us all to fubmit with patience and with fortitude. Cedit item retro de terra quod fuit ante ART. ART. II. Vindicia Ecclefia Anglicana: in which fome of the falfe Reafonings, incorrect Statements, and palpable Mifreprefentations in a Publication entitled "the True Churchmen afcertained", by John Overton, A. B. are pointed out. By the Rev. Charles Daubeny, Fellow of Winchester College, Minifter of Chrift's Church, Bath, and Author of "a Guide to the Church". 8vo. 471 pp. 8s. Rivingtons. 1803. SUPPOSE ye", faid our bleffed Lord, "that I am come to give peace on earth? I tell you, nay; but rather divifion". Though, from thefe words, no Chriftian will infer that divifion was the object of our Saviour's miffion, every one may learn from them not to be fcandalized at the divifions which actually prevail among his difciples. We must indeed regret, that doctrines fo admirably calculated as are those of the gofpel to promote peace on earth, fhould be made the fource of endlefs contention; but the evil, which was foreseen and predicted, hath its origin, not in the doctrines themselves, but in the prefumption of men, who, aiming at being wife beyond what is written, decide dogmatically on what they cannot comprehend, and often miftake the conclufions of a falfe philofophy for the truths of God. In our review of Mr. Overton's True Churchmen afcertained, we have endeavoured to prove, that the peculiar dogmas of the rigid Calvinills belong to this clafs of conclufions; and, by tracing them from their fource*, have fhown that, as they had not their origin in the golpel, they cannot, whether true or falfe, be fundamental articles of the faith of a Chriftian. Yet have thefe dogmas found a place, for fome purpofe or other, in the eftablithed creed of almost every modern church; and men, neglecting the fimple truths and important precepts, which are fufficient to make them wife unto falvation, difpute with the utmost pertinacity concerning the decrees of God, the origin of evil, the freedom of the human will, the divine pres ference of contingent events, and all the other fubtleties of mo dern metaphyfics. Were fuch difcuffions confined within the walls of fchools and colleges, they might exercife the powers of the mind, without being productive of much evil; but, when carried to the pulpit, and agitated among the vulgar, they can have no other tendency than to "thruft men either into defperation, or into wretchleffnefs of moft unclean living. no lefs perilous than defperation". Even the most enlarged understandings, when they have "reasoned high", "Of Providence, foreknowledge, will, and fate, Is it then conceivable, that he, who knows the utmost limits of the human capacity, can have made fuch reasonings effential to that gospel which he commanded to be "preached to the poor"? No; we may rather clafs them with those offences which he hath affured us must needs come; and happy will it be for us, if we have not incurred the woe pronounced on those by whom fuch offences come. That the Church of England hath not incurred this woe, we may fafely conclude, from the caution with which the expreffes herself on the difputed points, and from the earnestness with which the commands "ail further curious fearch to be laid afide, and thefe difputes to be fhut up in God's promifes, as they be generally fet forth to us in the Holy Scriptures*. She could not, indeed, avoid altogether the notice of " those unhappy differences, which had, for fo many hundred years, in different times and places, exercised the Church of Christ”, and which had been rafhly treated as matters of the highest importance by the more early reformers; yet it appears to have been her aim, fo to exprefs herself on thofe curious points, that moderate men of both parties might confcientiously subscribe her established creed, Accordingly, we find no controverfies about her doctrine till the return of those exiles who had been driven abroad by the Marian perfecution; and who, having drunk deep of the lake of Geneva, laid the foundations of a fect which, under the denomination of Puritans, clamoured loudly for a more thorough reformation. Thofe men objected to every thing; to the doctrine, the government, the rites and ceremonies of the chuch; and, above all, to the diftinguishing habits of the clergy. They were, however, reftrained by the vigorous administration of Elizabeth from attempting, by open rebellion, to establish their favourite doctrines and difcipline; but, in her reign, and in that of her immediate fucceffor, were fown the feeds of thofe diffentions which afterwards overwhelmed the unfortunate Charles. That the Puritans of that age, like the true Churchmen of the prefent, contended that the doctrine of the church is ftrictly Calviniflical, is apparent from the object of the royal Declaration prefixed to the Thirty-nine Articles. Declaration |