151. The Legislature shall provide for the protection of the rights of women, in acquiring and possessing property, real, personal, and mixed, separate and apart from the husband; and shall also provide for their equal rights in the possession of their children.

152. The Legislature may reduce the salaries of officers who shall neglect the performance of any legal duty.

153. The temporary seat of government is hereby located at the city of Topeka, county of Shawnee. The first Legislature under this Constitution shall provide by law for submitting the question of the permanent location of the capital to a popular vote, and a majority of all the votes cast at some general election shall be necessary for such location.

154. A homestead to the extent of one hundred and sixty acres of farming land, or of one acre within the limits of an incorporated town or city, occupied as a residence by the family of the owner, together with all the improvements on the same, shall be exempted from forced sale, under any process of law, and shall not be alienated without the joint consent of husband and wife, when that relation exists; but no property shall be exempt from sale for taxes, or for the payment of obligations contracted for the purchase of said premises, or for the erection of improvements thereon; provided, the provisions of the section shall not apply to any process of law obtained by virtue of a lien given by the consent of both husband and wife.

155. The manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors shall be forever prohibited in this State except for medical, scientific, and mechanical purposes.

SUPPLEMENT.

Prelude.-The special session of the Legislature (1886) and the regular session of 1887 passed some laws touching matters properly within the scope of this work. It has seemed desirable that these should be noticed as early as possible. A few changes suggested by instructors who are laboring most earnestly to advance an intelligent apprehension of the importance of local government are also noticed herein. Some typographical errors, against which it seems almost impossible to guard, are corrected.

School Age (page 6).—Persons of school age are those over five and under twenty-one years. See Constitution, 99.

Annual Meetings (page 6).-The annual District meeting is now held on the last Thursday in June.

Elections (page 12).-No person except those about to vote can occupy the space within fifty feet of the polls during the hours that the polls are open.

No ballot having a designated heading (as "Republican Ticket") can have printed or pasted thereon any other names than those found on a regular ballot having the same heading; and the judges of election cannot count such a ballot if deposited.

Township Auditing Board (page 14).—This Board now meets on the last Monday of the months designated.

Organized Counties (page 17, note).-The number in 1887 was ninety-eight.

Organization of Counties (page 18).—There must now be four hundred householders, and a population of twenty-five hundred. The Governor's appointee to take the census must also ascertain the amount of taxable property; which must be at least $150,000, of which $75,000 must be real estate.

County Treasurer (page 19).-The County Treasurer's term of office begins on the second Tuesday of October after his election.

County Commissioners (page 19) give bonds.

The County Commissioners have been given the power to improve roads (highways) whenever a majority of the landowners residing within half a mile on either side of the road, and between the terminal points mentioned in the petition, ask for such improvement. The expense is assessed on the tracts of land benefited.

Notaries Public (page 23) must deposit their bonds with the Clerk of the District Court.

Cities of the Third Class (page 25).--The County Commissioners now act in place of the District Court.

Cities (page 26).-In 1886, Kansas had five cities of the first class and thirty-eight cities of the second class, or which would be in the second class if they should apply for recognition.

City Organization (page 26).-Cities of the first class shall have not less than four nor more than six wards.

Cities of the second class having more than four thousand population shall have not less than four wards.

In all elections for city or school officers, or for the purpose of authorizing the issue of school bonds, women vote under the same restrictions and qualifications as men, and are eligible to any city or school office.

Police Commissioners (page 27).-Whenever the Executive Council (see 73) shall deem it advisable or necessary, or whenever not less than two hundred householders of a city of the first class shall so petition and the Council shall think it expedient, the Executive Council shall appoint a Board of Police Commissioners, three in number, who shall have entire control of the police force and police regulations in such city.

If fifty householders of a city of the second class so petition, or if the Executive Council so directs, the Attorney-General has authority to commence proceedings which will put all the city officials out of office, and the Executive Council then appoints a Board of Police Commissioners as above, with the same general powers.

When the Executive Council thinks there is no further need of this kind of government, a new city election is called by the Governor, and the Police Board is discontinued.

Assistants (page 32).—The Auditor, Treasurer, and Superintendent are each authorized to appoint a competent and suitable assistant, who shall be known as Assistant Auditor, Treasurer, or Superintendent.

State Horticultural Society (page 35).—This society receives support from the State in its work of investigating the various methods in horticulture, collecting and disseminating all manner of information that may be useful to fruit-growers. Like the Academy of Science, it is really a department of the State Board of Agriculture.

State Board of Education (page 35) determines who may be Conductors and Instructors in the County Normal Institutes, and issues certificates to these.

Commissioner of Forestry (page 39).-The Governor appoints a Commissioner of Forestry, who holds office two years. It is his duty to establish two experimental stations in forestry, of not less than one hundred and sixty acres each; to hold public forestry meetings in different parts of the State; and to secure and disseminate all possible information as to the best methods of planting and growing forest-trees.

Adjutant-General (page 39).—The Governor also appoints an Adjutant-General of the State militia, whose office is at the Capitol, and who has general supervision of the organization, equipment, drill, and active services of the militia.

Representation (page 41).-See also State Constitution, paragraph 119.

Senatorial Districts (page 41).-Each one of fifteen counties is now a Senatorial District.

The Legislature (page 43).-Members of both Houses take the usual oath of office.

No officers other than the Speaker are members of either House.

Publication of the Laws (page 45).-The laws are published in a volume, under the direction of the Secretary of State; or in some newspaper lawfully designated for this purpose.

Supreme Court Commissioners (page 46), three in number, are appointed by the Governor (by and with the advice and consent of the Senate), and hold office for three years. They are to assist the court in its general work, and are really so many more Supreme Judges.

District Courts (page 47).-There are now twenty-nine Judicial Districts.

Board of Arbitration (page 47).-The District Court of each county, or a judge of such court (in vacation), has power, on presentation of petition signed by at least five workmen and two firms of employers, all residing in the county, to appoint a tribunal for voluntary arbitration and settlement of disputes between employers and employed in manufacturing, mechanical, mining, and other industries. The tribunal consists of two workmen and two employers and an umpire. When the parties agree to submit their difficulties to this Board of Arbitration, its decision is final, unless "fraud, accident, or mistake" can be proven in connection with its conclusions.

It is hoped that this action will provide a method by which speedy and just settlements of such difficulties can be reached, and strikes, interference with business, and violence avoided.

Trial by Jury (page 48).-In each organized county having a population of thirty thousand and upward, the Governor appoints three Jury Commissioners, whose term of office is two years, and whose duty it is to make up the list of names from which the juries shall be drawn. These take the place of the Trustees and Mayors in this matter.

A Grand Jury must now be ordered, drawn, summoned, and required to attend at least two regular terms (in each year) of the District Court of every organized county, unless the population is less than sixteen thousand; and may be ordered for any other term on petition of two hundred taxpayers of the county.

Twelve of the Grand Jury render the verdict.

County High Schools (page 56).—Each county having a population of six thousand inhabitants or over may establish a County High

School. The County Commissioners, on petition of one-third the electors of a county, or at their own discretion, give notice twenty days before a general election (or before a special election called for this purpose) that they will submit to the electors the question of the estabfishment of a County High School at a given place. When established, the School is under the charge of a board of six Trustees, two of whom are elected from the county at large each year. The term of office is three years. The County Superintendent is ex-officio president of the

board.

Three courses of study are provided: a General Course, a Normal Course, and a Collegiate Course. The General Course is designed for those who cannot continue school life after leaving the High School. The Normal Course is designed for those who intend to become teachers, and fully prepares those who wish to take up the first year of professional work at the State Normal School. The Collegiate Course fully prepares for the Freshman Class of the State University, of the State Agricultural College, or of any other institution of higher learning in the State. Tuition is free to all pupils residing in the county. Only those who have completed the work in the District Schools of the county can attend.

The design of the law is to furnish advantages for such thorough instruction as can be secured in the well-known academies of older States.

The Agricultural College (page 57) has now, in place of four departments, a general course of study, with special adaptation to industrial arts; and includes military science and tactics.

The Soldiers' Orphans' Home (page 62) has been located at Atchison.

The St. Vincent Orphan Asylum (page 62) is not under the control of the State, but is aided by Legislative appropriations.

The State Reformatory (page 66) has been located at Hutchinson.

Correction Lines (page 69).—In Kansas every fourth parallel from the base is called a standard parallel.

Representation (page 74).-The present method is not to "add one if the fraction is more than half the ratio," but to assign to each of the States having the largest remainders one Representative till the whole number of Congressmen (325) has been secured.

United States Circuit Court (page 74).-One of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States assigned to this circuit, or the United States Circuit Judge, or the District Judge sitting as Circuit Judge, or any two of these sitting together, constitute the United States Circuit Court.

The District Attorney and Marshal are officers of this Court also. Each Court appoints its own clerk.